LING 15 Study Guide - Spring 2018, Comprehensive Midterm Notes - Phoneme, Verb, Vowel
LING 15
MIDTERM EXAM
STUDY GUIDE
Fall 2018
Ling 15 Notes
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● Form & structure of language
● Organization & expression of meaning
● Relationship between languages & culture
● Abstract & computational representation of language
● Language as an artifact of culture, computational system and links
between the two
● Language: symbolic system of representing info
● Symbol: some physical object that represents a concept other than
itself
-written & spoken words are both symbols
● Can use language to talk about fictional, non existent & alternative
things, past/present/future
● Form of symbol is independent of what it represents
-duck (word- 4 symbols i a o s duk pitue; ot like d
epesets duks eak
-duk uak is uiesal ut eah laguage assigs the uak diff
sounds
-gee light is aita gee doest eessail ea go
● Conceptual space and form (linguistic expressions- words & phrases)
→ eaig
● Studying linguistics entails studying the many nuances of this system
● Meaning: interface between symbols & info
2 layers of symbolic representation (phonemes & words)
● Phonemes: sounds used to assemble words; letter is a written symbol
to represent phoneme
-duk is ade fo 3 phoees → d, u, k
● Words: linguistic forms that have meaning
-free standing & minimal in structure
-duk a e pooued itself
● # of symbols is finite
● Glyphs: written characters that represent phonemes, syllables or
whole words
-duk → d u k
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-& ad → a d 3 phoees & 3 glphs
-3 thee → th ee 3 phoees & 5 glphs
● Semantics: meaning retrievable from expressions (words, phrases,
sentences) irrespective of other context
-be explicit
● Lexical semantics: meanings of words
-duck: auditory form (d u ck); bird w/webbed feet, adept at water,
waterproof-ish, quacks
● Propositional semantics: meanings of complex elements
-combo of meaningful symbols
-duck gave the goose a puppy vs. puppy gave the duck a goose
● Symbolic relationships differ across cultures
● Pragmatics: additional meaning that can be reconstructed from an
expression
-relies on knowledge of how people use language
E: Hos it goig? Oh that souds good. Did i sa soethig
fu? Wo that's eall loud!
-eta eaig doest oe fo eta sols
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● To friends: I hiked through the Armstrong forest in Guerneville. It was
pretty cool but it was kind of dark and cold and the trails were super
confusing. At one point, we got lost and I started freaking out bc we
were going on an undefined path and then we finally made it back to
the car but I was shook.
● To parents: I hiked through the Armstrong forest. It was a lot of fun,
kind of dark and cold though. We came back around 1:30. It was free.
● Indexical meaning: how one positions oneself socially- want to be seen
as professional, superior, subordinate, comical, part of certain group
-use slang, tone of voice (sound confident, valley girl)
● Metaphor: one set of terms describe something else
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Semantics & pragmatics: info encoded by words & phrases in multiple ways
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find more resources at oneclass.com
Document Summary
Language as an artifact of culture, computational system and links between the two. Symbol: some physical object that represents a concept other than itself. Can use language to talk about fictional, non existent & alternative things, past/present/future. Form of symbol is independent of what it represents. Duck (word- 4 symbols i(cid:374) a (cid:396)o(cid:449)(cid:895) (cid:448)s du(cid:272)k (cid:894)pi(cid:272)tu(cid:396)e(cid:895); (cid:374)ot like (cid:858)d(cid:859) (cid:396)ep(cid:396)ese(cid:374)ts du(cid:272)k(cid:859)s (cid:271)eak. Du(cid:272)k (cid:395)ua(cid:272)k is u(cid:374)i(cid:448)e(cid:396)sal (cid:271)ut ea(cid:272)h la(cid:374)guage assig(cid:374)s the (cid:858)(cid:395)ua(cid:272)k(cid:859) diff sounds. G(cid:396)ee(cid:374) light is a(cid:396)(cid:271)it(cid:396)a(cid:396)(cid:455) (cid:894)g(cid:396)ee(cid:374) does(cid:374)(cid:859)t (cid:374)e(cid:272)essa(cid:396)il(cid:455) (cid:373)ea(cid:374) go(cid:895) Conceptual space and form (linguistic expressions- words & phrases) Studying linguistics entails studying the many nuances of this system. 2 layers of symbolic representation (phonemes & words) Phonemes: sounds used to assemble words; letter is a written symbol to represent phoneme. Du(cid:272)k is (cid:373)ade f(cid:396)o(cid:373) 3 pho(cid:374)e(cid:373)es d, u, (cid:272)k. Glyphs: written characters that represent phonemes, syllables or whole words. & a(cid:374)d a (cid:374) d (cid:894)3 pho(cid:374)e(cid:373)es & 3 gl(cid:455)phs(cid:895)
