RG ST 3 Study Guide - Midterm Guide: Artha, Samaveda, Smriti
HINDUISM
Vedas
Main scripture of Vedic religion
○
4 types of Vedic Literature
Samhitas
Rg Veda
□
Sama Veda
□
Atharva Veda
□
Yajur Veda
□
§
Aranyakas
§
Brahmanas
§
Upanishads
§
○
•
Brahmanas (texts)
Ritual instructions as part of Vedic literature
○
•
Karma-yoga
Action yoga
○
Performing action, specifically Vedic rituals
○
•
Vishnu
Supreme lord in Hinduism
○
•
Shramana
A wandering ascetic
○
Has rejected materiality and participates in harsh austerities,
meditation, and yoga
○
Seeks higher reality and freedom from the bondage of life
○
Also found mainly in Buddhism and Jainism
○
•
Tapas
Spiritual heat/energy
○
Burning off your sins (through physical austerities)
○
•
Karma
Moral and/or ritual conduct
○
What one has done in their life to keep the wheel of samsara going
○
•
Dharma
Social duties and roles people must fulfill in life
○
•
Brahman (brahmin)
Highest social caste -- priests
○
•
Shudra
The lowest servant/slave class of the Aryan caste system
○
Came from the feet of the primordial man
○
•
"4 Aims of Life" (purusha-arthas)
Dharma - virtue and moral duty
○
Kama - pleasure, love, and sensual enjoyment
○
Artha - wealth and prosperity
○
Moksha - liberation from samsara
○
•
Devi
Brahman/Absolute reality in the female form
○
Goddess
Used in the way that "God" would be
§
○
•
Varuna
Vedic God who protects order (rita)
○
Associated with priestly social function
○
Assure that everyone stays within their caste functions
○
•
Rita
Divine and cosmic order
○
Rooted in the caste system
○
Keeping the way of life consistent
○
Maintained through Vedic rituals performed by Brahman priests
○
•
Aryan
Nomadic Indo-European people who "invaded" South Asia
○
Created the Vedas/Vedic religion
○
•
Sannyasin
The fourth/last stage of life "Renunciant"
○
Complete withdrawal from society to pursue moksha
○
•
Indus Valley Civilization
Fertile area that was the root of early Hinduism
Life and sustainability were rooted in agriculture
§
○
Started to decline before Aryan "invasion", with them coming to
"help" the indigenous peoples
○
Great Bath Floor, Granary Wall, Proto-Shiva
○
•
Upanishads
Vedanta "the end of the Vedas"
Teach the hidden meanings of the vedas
§
○
Philosophical and speculative discussion about life (opposing views)
○
8th -- 4th Century BCE
○
"seated at the foot of the guru" -- teachings from the guru in secret
lessons/private lectures
○
Central teaching is that brahman and atman are united
Atman (self) is a part of brahman (absolute reality)
§
○
•
Arjuna
The great warrior and Pandava hero in the Bhagavad Gita
Where he is revealed god by Krishna
§
○
•
Jnana-yoga
Knowledge yoga
○
Need to know about Brahman and Atman
Know that in Brahman is Atman… your divine self is part of the
absolute reality
§
○
Practices of the mind
○
•
Atman
One's individual and divine self within them
○
•
Bhakti
Devotion
○
Building a deeply emotional/personal relationship with god, away
from rituals
○
The ultimate way to attain moksha
○
Passionate love and true worship for god
○
4 types of bhakti/relationships to have with god
Parent/child
§
Friend/friend
§
Lover/lover
§
Servant/master
§
○
•
Soma/soma
Soma = god that sends visions to rishis, from which they compose
Vedic hymns
○
soma = intoxicating plant nectar drink consumed to hallucinate and
be sacrificed to the gods
○
•
Puja
Personal deity worship
A way of expressing love and devotion to a particular deity
§
○
Making offerings (ritual based) -- Giving gifts, food, flowers, and
prayers to a god
○
Develops after Vedic sacrifices and rituals, along with devotion and
a creation of personal relationship with god
○
•
Samsara
Cycle of birth and death (and rebirth)
○
Also cycle of suffering (fueled by karma)
○
•
Rishi
Vedic poets/seers
○
Composed the earliest Vedic hymns and chants from visions they
were sent
○
•
Kshatriya
Warrior caste developed from the arms of the primordial man
○
Served the priests rites and focused on kingship
○
•
4 Castes (varnas)
Came from the bodily sacrifice of the primordial man (Aryan social
organization)
○
Brahmans (priests) -- head
○
Kshatriyas (warriors) -- arms
○
Vaishya (working class, agricultural, pastoral, farmers/merchants) --
legs
○
Shudras (slaves) -- feet
○
•
Shiva
Lord of the creatures/beasts
○
One of three important gods to Hinduism
Responsible for creation, upkeep, and destruction of the
world
§
○
•
Rig Veda
Earliest/oldest Veda of the four Vedas (samhitas)
○
Made up of hymns
○
•
Maya
An illusion or fabricated construction
○
Also a goddess that creates illusion in the world (things that we take
seriously in life that aren't real)
Illusory nature of the world
§
○
In BUDDHISM.. Siddhartha's mom
○
•
Ravana
10-headed demon king in Ramayana epic
○
Abducts Princess Sita
○
•
Shruti
Means "heard" or "revealed"
○
Another word for Vedic Literature (in which there are 4 types)
Samhitas
§
Brahmanas
§
Aranyakas
§
Upanishads
§
○
•
Proto-Shiva
Pre-historic or early depiction of Shiva from Indus Valley Civilation
○
Sitting in a yogic posture
○
Has horns
○
Surrounded by animals (lord of creatures)
○
•
Kama
Pleasure, love, and sensuality aim of human life (1/4)
○
•
Mohenjo-daro
Major city in Indus Valley Civilization
○
On the Indus river
○
•
Aranyakas
1/4 types of Vedic literature
○
Philosophical reflections on ritual practices
○
•
Krishna
Avatar of Vishnu
○
Leads devotionalist movement especially in Bhagavad Gita
○
Familial role in the Mahabharata
○
•
Bhakti-yoga
Devotion yoga
○
•
Brahman•
Ramayana
Story of the triumph of good over evil, order over chaos, dharma
over adharma
○
Epic where a prince is sent off to exile because his father must fulfill
the promise to his wife.. Prince Rama's wife is then abducted one
day but he rescues her and returns to rule his village.. People
suspect Sita (wife) is being unchaste so he exiles her etc.
○
Prince Rama is referred to as one of the incarnations/avatars of
Vishnu
○
Shorter epic poem than Mahabharata -- only 12 volumes
○
•
Yoga
Practice
○
Union with god
○
Different things/ways to bring you closer to god
○
•
Moksha
Liberation from samsara
○
The last aim of human life
○
•
Avatara
Aka avatar
○
Incarnations, manifestations, or descents of Gods
○
The way Gods intervene in human form
○
•
Vaishya
Agricultural/pastoral caste made up of farmers and merchants
○
From the legs of the primordial man
○
•
"4 Stages of life" (ashramas)
Student - bramacharya -- study from age 5-24
○
Householder - ghrihastha -- fulfill social/family dharma from age
25-49
○
Forest dweller - vanaprastha -- withdraw to study/meditate from
50 -74
○
Renunciant - sannyasin -- complete/strict withdrawal to pursue
moksha
○
•
Agni
Sacrificial fire that acts as a mouth and brings oblations to the
heavens for gods to enjoy (through the smoke)
○
"god of fire"
○
•
Mahabharata
Largest Indian epic poem with 18 volumes
○
Stories of war between royal cousins (Pandavas and Kauravas)
○
•
Adharma
Against dharma, the order of social duty
○
Wrongness, evil, unnaturalness, immorality
○
•
Indra
Lord of lords, king of the gods, chief of the gods' armies
○
Father of Arjuna
○
Had the duty of keeping order (associated with warrior social caste)
○
•
Smriti
"remembered" of human authorship
○
Tradition that is maintained (typically post-Vedic)
○
Genre of texts written by scholars
Typically Epics and Poems
§
○
•
Bhagavad-Gita (see GauchoSpace sample answer?)
Song of the Lord
○
In the Mahabharata
○
Teaches that devotion to God is the best way to moksha
○
Known as "the 5th Veda"
○
Conversations between Krishna and Arjuna
Arjuna wants to renounce and become a shramana
§
Krishna says that although it's immoral, Arjuna must fulfill his
warrior dharma and fight against his family in the battle
§
○
•
Artha
Wealth and prosperity aim of human life
○
Focus on success, power, and prestige
○
•
Harappa
Another major city in the Indus Valley region
○
Harappan civilization/ruins show focus on agricultural success
○
•
Hinduism Midterm Review
Tuesday, May 8, 2018
5:46 PM
HINDUISM
Vedas
Main scripture of Vedic religion
○
4 types of Vedic Literature
Samhitas
Rg Veda□
Sama Veda□
Atharva Veda□
Yajur Veda□
§
Aranyakas
§
Brahmanas
§
Upanishads
§
○
•
Brahmanas (texts)
Ritual instructions as part of Vedic literature
○
•
Karma-yoga
Action yoga
○
Performing action, specifically Vedic rituals
○
•
Vishnu
Supreme lord in Hinduism
○
•
Shramana
A wandering ascetic
○
Has rejected materiality and participates in harsh austerities,
meditation, and yoga
○
Seeks higher reality and freedom from the bondage of life
○
Also found mainly in Buddhism and Jainism
○
•
Tapas
Spiritual heat/energy
○
Burning off your sins (through physical austerities)
○
•
Karma
Moral and/or ritual conduct
○
What one has done in their life to keep the wheel of samsara going
○
•
Dharma
Social duties and roles people must fulfill in life
○
•
Brahman (brahmin)
Highest social caste -- priests
○
•
Shudra
The lowest servant/slave class of the Aryan caste system
○
Came from the feet of the primordial man
○
•
"4 Aims of Life" (purusha-arthas)
Dharma - virtue and moral duty
○
Kama - pleasure, love, and sensual enjoyment
○
Artha - wealth and prosperity
○
Moksha - liberation from samsara
○
•
Devi
Brahman/Absolute reality in the female form
○
Goddess
Used in the way that "God" would be
§
○
•
Varuna
Vedic God who protects order (rita)
○
Associated with priestly social function
○
Assure that everyone stays within their caste functions
○
•
Rita
Divine and cosmic order
○
Rooted in the caste system
○
Keeping the way of life consistent
○
Maintained through Vedic rituals performed by Brahman priests
○
•
Aryan
Nomadic Indo-European people who "invaded" South Asia
○
Created the Vedas/Vedic religion
○
•
Sannyasin
The fourth/last stage of life "Renunciant"
○
Complete withdrawal from society to pursue moksha
○
•
Indus Valley Civilization
Fertile area that was the root of early Hinduism
Life and sustainability were rooted in agriculture
§
○
Started to decline before Aryan "invasion", with them coming to
"help" the indigenous peoples
○
Great Bath Floor, Granary Wall, Proto-Shiva
○
•
Upanishads
Vedanta "the end of the Vedas"
Teach the hidden meanings of the vedas
§
○
Philosophical and speculative discussion about life (opposing views)
○
8th -- 4th Century BCE
○
"seated at the foot of the guru" -- teachings from the guru in secret
lessons/private lectures
○
Central teaching is that brahman and atman are united
Atman (self) is a part of brahman (absolute reality)
§
○
•
Arjuna
The great warrior and Pandava hero in the Bhagavad Gita
Where he is revealed god by Krishna
§
○
•
Jnana-yoga
Knowledge yoga
○
Need to know about Brahman and Atman
Know that in Brahman is Atman… your divine self is part of the
absolute reality
§
○
Practices of the mind
○
•
Atman
One's individual and divine self within them
○
•
Bhakti
Devotion
○
Building a deeply emotional/personal relationship with god, away
from rituals
○
The ultimate way to attain moksha
○
Passionate love and true worship for god
○
4 types of bhakti/relationships to have with god
Parent/child
§
Friend/friend
§
Lover/lover
§
Servant/master
§
○
•
Soma/soma
Soma = god that sends visions to rishis, from which they compose
Vedic hymns
○
soma = intoxicating plant nectar drink consumed to hallucinate and
be sacrificed to the gods
○
•
Puja
Personal deity worship
A way of expressing love and devotion to a particular deity
§
○
Making offerings (ritual based) -- Giving gifts, food, flowers, and
prayers to a god
○
Develops after Vedic sacrifices and rituals, along with devotion and
a creation of personal relationship with god
○
•
Samsara
Cycle of birth and death (and rebirth)
○
Also cycle of suffering (fueled by karma)
○
•
Rishi
Vedic poets/seers
○
Composed the earliest Vedic hymns and chants from visions they
were sent
○
•
Kshatriya
Warrior caste developed from the arms of the primordial man
○
Served the priests rites and focused on kingship
○
•
4 Castes (varnas)
Came from the bodily sacrifice of the primordial man (Aryan social
organization)
○
Brahmans (priests) -- head
○
Kshatriyas (warriors) -- arms
○
Vaishya (working class, agricultural, pastoral, farmers/merchants) --
legs
○
Shudras (slaves) -- feet
○
•
Shiva
Lord of the creatures/beasts
○
One of three important gods to Hinduism
Responsible for creation, upkeep, and destruction of the
world
§
○
•
Rig Veda
Earliest/oldest Veda of the four Vedas (samhitas)
○
Made up of hymns
○
•
Maya
An illusion or fabricated construction
○
Also a goddess that creates illusion in the world (things that we take
seriously in life that aren't real)
Illusory nature of the world
§
○
In BUDDHISM.. Siddhartha's mom
○
•
Ravana
10-headed demon king in Ramayana epic
○
Abducts Princess Sita
○
•
Shruti
Means "heard" or "revealed"
○
Another word for Vedic Literature (in which there are 4 types)
Samhitas
§
Brahmanas
§
Aranyakas
§
Upanishads
§
○
•
Proto-Shiva
Pre-historic or early depiction of Shiva from Indus Valley Civilation
○
Sitting in a yogic posture
○
Has horns
○
Surrounded by animals (lord of creatures)
○
•
Kama
Pleasure, love, and sensuality aim of human life (1/4)
○
•
Mohenjo-daro
Major city in Indus Valley Civilization
○
On the Indus river
○
•
Aranyakas
1/4 types of Vedic literature
○
Philosophical reflections on ritual practices
○
•
Krishna
Avatar of Vishnu
○
Leads devotionalist movement especially in Bhagavad Gita
○
Familial role in the Mahabharata
○
•
Bhakti-yoga
Devotion yoga
○
•
Brahman•
Ramayana
Story of the triumph of good over evil, order over chaos, dharma
over adharma
○
Epic where a prince is sent off to exile because his father must fulfill
the promise to his wife.. Prince Rama's wife is then abducted one
day but he rescues her and returns to rule his village.. People
suspect Sita (wife) is being unchaste so he exiles her etc.
○
Prince Rama is referred to as one of the incarnations/avatars of
Vishnu
○
Shorter epic poem than Mahabharata -- only 12 volumes
○
•
Yoga
Practice
○
Union with god
○
Different things/ways to bring you closer to god
○
•
Moksha
Liberation from samsara
○
The last aim of human life
○
•
Avatara
Aka avatar
○
Incarnations, manifestations, or descents of Gods
○
The way Gods intervene in human form
○
•
Vaishya
Agricultural/pastoral caste made up of farmers and merchants
○
From the legs of the primordial man
○
•
"4 Stages of life" (ashramas)
Student - bramacharya -- study from age 5-24
○
Householder - ghrihastha -- fulfill social/family dharma from age
25-49
○
Forest dweller - vanaprastha -- withdraw to study/meditate from
50 -74
○
Renunciant - sannyasin -- complete/strict withdrawal to pursue
moksha
○
•
Agni
Sacrificial fire that acts as a mouth and brings oblations to the
heavens for gods to enjoy (through the smoke)
○
"god of fire"
○
•
Mahabharata
Largest Indian epic poem with 18 volumes
○
Stories of war between royal cousins (Pandavas and Kauravas)
○
•
Adharma
Against dharma, the order of social duty
○
Wrongness, evil, unnaturalness, immorality
○
•
Indra
Lord of lords, king of the gods, chief of the gods' armies
○
Father of Arjuna
○
Had the duty of keeping order (associated with warrior social caste)
○
•
Smriti
"remembered" of human authorship
○
Tradition that is maintained (typically post-Vedic)
○
Genre of texts written by scholars
Typically Epics and Poems
§
○
•
Bhagavad-Gita (see GauchoSpace sample answer?)
Song of the Lord
○
In the Mahabharata
○
Teaches that devotion to God is the best way to moksha
○
Known as "the 5th Veda"
○
Conversations between Krishna and Arjuna
Arjuna wants to renounce and become a shramana
§
Krishna says that although it's immoral, Arjuna must fulfill his
warrior dharma and fight against his family in the battle
§
○
•
Artha
Wealth and prosperity aim of human life
○
Focus on success, power, and prestige
○
•
Harappa
Another major city in the Indus Valley region
○
Harappan civilization/ruins show focus on agricultural success
○
•
Hinduism Midterm Review
Tuesday, May 8, 2018 5:46 PM
HINDUISM
Vedas
Main scripture of Vedic religion
○
4 types of Vedic Literature
Samhitas
Rg Veda□
Sama Veda□
Atharva Veda□
Yajur Veda□
§
Aranyakas
§
Brahmanas
§
Upanishads
§
○
•
Brahmanas (texts)
Ritual instructions as part of Vedic literature
○
•
Karma-yoga
Action yoga
○
Performing action, specifically Vedic rituals
○
•
Vishnu
Supreme lord in Hinduism
○
•
Shramana
A wandering ascetic
○
Has rejected materiality and participates in harsh austerities,
meditation, and yoga
○
Seeks higher reality and freedom from the bondage of life
○
Also found mainly in Buddhism and Jainism
○
•
Tapas
Spiritual heat/energy
○
Burning off your sins (through physical austerities)
○
•
Karma
Moral and/or ritual conduct
○
What one has done in their life to keep the wheel of samsara going
○
•
Dharma
Social duties and roles people must fulfill in life
○
•
Brahman (brahmin)
Highest social caste -- priests
○
•
Shudra
The lowest servant/slave class of the Aryan caste system
○
Came from the feet of the primordial man
○
•
"4 Aims of Life" (purusha-arthas)
Dharma - virtue and moral duty
○
Kama - pleasure, love, and sensual enjoyment
○
Artha - wealth and prosperity
○
Moksha - liberation from samsara
○
•
Devi
Brahman/Absolute reality in the female form
○
Goddess
Used in the way that "God" would be
§
○
•
Varuna
Vedic God who protects order (rita)
○
Associated with priestly social function
○
Assure that everyone stays within their caste functions
○
•
Rita
Divine and cosmic order
○
Rooted in the caste system
○
Keeping the way of life consistent
○
Maintained through Vedic rituals performed by Brahman priests
○
•
Aryan
Nomadic Indo-European people who "invaded" South Asia
○
Created the Vedas/Vedic religion
○
•
Sannyasin
The fourth/last stage of life "Renunciant"
○
Complete withdrawal from society to pursue moksha
○
•
Indus Valley Civilization
Fertile area that was the root of early Hinduism
Life and sustainability were rooted in agriculture
§
○
Started to decline before Aryan "invasion", with them coming to
"help" the indigenous peoples
○
Great Bath Floor, Granary Wall, Proto-Shiva
○
•
Upanishads
Vedanta "the end of the Vedas"
Teach the hidden meanings of the vedas
§
○
Philosophical and speculative discussion about life (opposing views)
○
8th -- 4th Century BCE
○
"seated at the foot of the guru" -- teachings from the guru in secret
lessons/private lectures
○
Central teaching is that brahman and atman are united
Atman (self) is a part of brahman (absolute reality)
§
○
•
Arjuna
The great warrior and Pandava hero in the Bhagavad Gita
Where he is revealed god by Krishna
§
○
•
Jnana-yoga
Knowledge yoga
○
Need to know about Brahman and Atman
Know that in Brahman is Atman… your divine self is part of the
absolute reality
§
○
Practices of the mind
○
•
Atman
One's individual and divine self within them
○
•
Bhakti
Devotion
○
Building a deeply emotional/personal relationship with god, away
from rituals
○
The ultimate way to attain moksha
○
Passionate love and true worship for god
○
4 types of bhakti/relationships to have with god
Parent/child
§
Friend/friend
§
Lover/lover
§
Servant/master
§
○
•
Soma/soma
Soma = god that sends visions to rishis, from which they compose
Vedic hymns
○
soma = intoxicating plant nectar drink consumed to hallucinate and
be sacrificed to the gods
○
•
Puja
Personal deity worship
A way of expressing love and devotion to a particular deity
§
○
Making offerings (ritual based) -- Giving gifts, food, flowers, and
prayers to a god
○
Develops after Vedic sacrifices and rituals, along with devotion and
a creation of personal relationship with god
○
•
Samsara
Cycle of birth and death (and rebirth)
○
Also cycle of suffering (fueled by karma)
○
•
Rishi
Vedic poets/seers
○
Composed the earliest Vedic hymns and chants from visions they
were sent
○
•
Kshatriya
Warrior caste developed from the arms of the primordial man
○
Served the priests rites and focused on kingship
○
•
4 Castes (varnas)
Came from the bodily sacrifice of the primordial man (Aryan social
organization)
○
Brahmans (priests) -- head
○
Kshatriyas (warriors) -- arms
○
Vaishya (working class, agricultural, pastoral, farmers/merchants) --
legs
○
Shudras (slaves) -- feet
○
•
Shiva
Lord of the creatures/beasts
○
One of three important gods to Hinduism
Responsible for creation, upkeep, and destruction of the
world
§
○
•
Rig Veda
Earliest/oldest Veda of the four Vedas (samhitas)
○
Made up of hymns
○
•
Maya
An illusion or fabricated construction
○
Also a goddess that creates illusion in the world (things that we take
seriously in life that aren't real)
Illusory nature of the world
§
○
In BUDDHISM.. Siddhartha's mom
○
•
Ravana
10-headed demon king in Ramayana epic
○
Abducts Princess Sita
○
•
Shruti
Means "heard" or "revealed"
○
Another word for Vedic Literature (in which there are 4 types)
Samhitas
§
Brahmanas
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Aranyakas
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Upanishads
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Proto-Shiva
Pre-historic or early depiction of Shiva from Indus Valley Civilation
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Sitting in a yogic posture
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Has horns
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Surrounded by animals (lord of creatures)
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Kama
Pleasure, love, and sensuality aim of human life (1/4)
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Mohenjo-daro
Major city in Indus Valley Civilization
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On the Indus river
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Aranyakas
1/4 types of Vedic literature
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Philosophical reflections on ritual practices
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Krishna
Avatar of Vishnu
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Leads devotionalist movement especially in Bhagavad Gita
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Familial role in the Mahabharata
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Bhakti-yoga
Devotion yoga
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Brahman•
Ramayana
Story of the triumph of good over evil, order over chaos, dharma
over adharma
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Epic where a prince is sent off to exile because his father must fulfill
the promise to his wife.. Prince Rama's wife is then abducted one
day but he rescues her and returns to rule his village.. People
suspect Sita (wife) is being unchaste so he exiles her etc.
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Prince Rama is referred to as one of the incarnations/avatars of
Vishnu
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Shorter epic poem than Mahabharata -- only 12 volumes
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Yoga
Practice
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Union with god
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Different things/ways to bring you closer to god
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Moksha
Liberation from samsara
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The last aim of human life
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Avatara
Aka avatar
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Incarnations, manifestations, or descents of Gods
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The way Gods intervene in human form
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Vaishya
Agricultural/pastoral caste made up of farmers and merchants
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From the legs of the primordial man
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"4 Stages of life" (ashramas)
Student - bramacharya -- study from age 5-24
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Householder - ghrihastha -- fulfill social/family dharma from age
25-49
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Forest dweller - vanaprastha -- withdraw to study/meditate from
50 -74
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Renunciant - sannyasin -- complete/strict withdrawal to pursue
moksha
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Agni
Sacrificial fire that acts as a mouth and brings oblations to the
heavens for gods to enjoy (through the smoke)
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"god of fire"
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Mahabharata
Largest Indian epic poem with 18 volumes
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Stories of war between royal cousins (Pandavas and Kauravas)
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Adharma
Against dharma, the order of social duty
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Wrongness, evil, unnaturalness, immorality
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Indra
Lord of lords, king of the gods, chief of the gods' armies
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Father of Arjuna
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Had the duty of keeping order (associated with warrior social caste)
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Smriti
"remembered" of human authorship
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Tradition that is maintained (typically post-Vedic)
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Genre of texts written by scholars
Typically Epics and Poems
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Bhagavad-Gita (see GauchoSpace sample answer?)
Song of the Lord
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In the Mahabharata
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Teaches that devotion to God is the best way to moksha
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Known as "the 5th Veda"
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Conversations between Krishna and Arjuna
Arjuna wants to renounce and become a shramana
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Krishna says that although it's immoral, Arjuna must fulfill his
warrior dharma and fight against his family in the battle
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Artha
Wealth and prosperity aim of human life
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Focus on success, power, and prestige
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Harappa
Another major city in the Indus Valley region
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Harappan civilization/ruins show focus on agricultural success
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Hinduism Midterm Review
Tuesday, May 8, 2018 5:46 PM
