BIPN 150 Study Guide - Winter 2018, Comprehensive Midterm Notes - Glutamic Acid, Neuron, Nmda Receptor
BIPN 150
MIDTERM EXAM
STUDY GUIDE
Fall 2018
• Lecture 1
• Stroke
• Symptoms of Stroke:
o Numbness, weakness of face, arm, or leg, especially on one side of the body
o Confusion
o Trouble talking/understanding words
o Vision problems, including double vision, loss of vision in one eye, or loss of vision on
one side of the visual field
o Difficulty walking
o Dizziness
o Loss of balance or coordination.
• Mini-stroke - TIA Transient Ischemic Attack
o Temporary reduction in blood flow in the brain due to blood clot restricting blood
flow in arteries.
• 2 types of stroke:
o Hemorrhagic stroke: weakened/diseased blood vessels rupture, blood leaks into
brain tissue.
o Ischemic Stroke: blood clots
• Events in the brain evolve over time following a stroke
o
o Death of neurons occurs in early stages - first minutes/hours. Cytotoxic edema
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• Events following a stroke also evolve over space: potentially widening the area of
permanent damage.
o Core of infarct area (clot/rupture) is damaged, but area around core (ischemic
penumbra) can be damaged over time
o
o Volume of infarct area can expand to area surrounding the core.
o Area impacted by the stroke can grow over days to impair more brain tissue.
• Ischemic core starts off as relatively small area. Over minutes/hours,
impairment of function increases as ischemic lesion grows.
▪
• Restoration of blood flow and interventions to preserve tissue in the penumbra can
limit long-term damage
o Penumbra is salvageable brain area.
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
Document Summary
Ischemic stroke: blood clots: events in the brain evolve over time following a stroke, death of neurons occurs in early stages - first minutes/hours. Ischemic core starts off as relatively small area. Sodium keeps building up, increases membrane potential: chloride channel (slc26a11) opens under cell conditions and allows. Cl- to enter the cell: causes major neuronal swelling with nacl, cytotoxic edema initiated by na+ & cl- overload that draws water into the neuron. Labels cell w/ dye that binds to sodium. Outlined entire cell: mimicked ischemic conditions by hyperactivating nmda receptors, +nmda: neurons swelled, removing extracellular sodium, +nmda, no change, even some shrinkage. Runaway depolarization that occurs during ischemia = too much glutamate being released. Hyper-activation of nmda receptors is very bad: nmda not only allows na+ in, but also ca2+, which has many. Blunt head trauma - sports, falls | blast injury. Found in people who have had repeated blows to the head contact sports, military service, domestic violence)
