MMW 13 Midterm: Midterm Study Guide
1 Jul 2018
School
Department
Course
Professor
Ahl-al-dhimma 13-14th century
1.
Definition: This was a Muslim practice that protected people living in
conquered lands.
•
Cultural significance: This fostered cultural exchange between the
Muslims and the non-Muslims living under Muslim rules.
•
Religious significance: This allowed the freedom of religion for Jews and
Christians, because they were also "people of the book" (dhimmis). And
Muslim rulers under this practice became more welcoming of
monotheists.
•
Greater significance: This established Muslims as having a more positive
coexistent nature during times of intolerance.
•
Convivencia
2.
Definition:
•
This was practiced in Medieval Iberia, and was about how different
religious groups lived during Reconquista times.
-
This described a "peaceful coexistence" between the Muslim, the
Christian and the Jew communities under one another's rule.
-
Religious significance: it helped cultivate religious tolerance through
inner-community sponsorship of different worship. For example,
Christian king commissioned Islamic architects to build Jewish synagogue.
•
Cultural significance: It instilled multiculturalism through spread and
adoption of different languages.
•
Fez
3.
Definition: it's the cosmopolitan center of trade (largest market in world)
in northern Africa, so it attracted merchants and craftsmen. That's where
Trans Saharan trade took place, so Fez played a significant role in
integrating Africa and Eurasia.
•
Economic significance: It signified rise of urban center which provided
lots of job opportunities.
•
Cultural significance: It's the capital of education in medieval world. It
attracted lots of scholars who later transferred classical knowledge to the
West. It’s also the center of book trade and it promoted cultural
exchanges in art, commence, science and religion.
•
Gunpower4.
Definition: It’s invented in China in 9th century and travelled to Afro-
Eurasia along silk road.
•
Military significance: •
It made prior fortifications obsolete. For example, tall think walls became
thick short walls.
-
And it prolonged cannon warfare.
-
This invention changed the design of ships.
-
Political significance:•
It caused more deadly wars and rise of centralized states.
-
Ottomans used it to expand their empire and ruled Black Sea and Red Sea
routes.
-
Johannes Gutenberg5.
Definition: He's the creator of the German mechanical movable type
printing press.
•
Significance: His printing press was considered the most important
invention of the modern era, because it profoundly impacted the
transmission of knowledge.
•
Economically speaking, his press allowed manuscripts to be mass-
produced at affordable costs. Therefore, it helped expand opportunities
for literacy and learning.
•
His work led to an "information revolution" that can be linked to the
internet development today.
•
Printed map became the key to strategic dominance.•
Kaffa6.
It’s a city located at the coast of the Black Sea. The black death brought
out in Mongols camp when they sieged Kaffa. The Mongol catapulted the
bodies into Kaffa and destroyed the city with plague. The survivors of
Kaffa brought black death to the European continent.
•
This was the earliest use of plague as weapon of war at Kaffa in 1346.•
Genoese spread the black death among Black Sea ports of Kaffa.•
Mamluk Empire 13-16th century 7.
It’s known as the "Defender of Islam". The Mamluk Sultanate ruled Syria
and Egypt since 1250.
•
After the black plague, Cairo which located in this empire, became the
trading capital of the Islamic world and it controlled the Read Sea Route.
Therefore, Cairo helped foster the growth of intellectual centers in the
area.
•
It's defeated by Ottoman because ottomans had gunpower weapons. •
Medieval Warming period8.
Definition: from 950 to 1250 this was a period of mild, stable and warm
weather in the North Atlantic that was conductive to growing crops and
grapes.
•
This period led to a high yield of harvests, especially with the
technological innovations such as mills and ploughs.
•
The warm weather is important because it increased population with
enough food.
•
It led to urbanization, development of new towns. •
Aristocrats lived in rural areas and gained immunity from diseases.•
There had lack of invasion leading to social stability.•
9.Ming Dynasty
1368-1644•
It came into power after Mongol Yuan Dynasty having an agricultural
economy and focusing on establishing Chinese traditions.
•
Trade and cultural exchange was looked down upon because they
wanted to only focus on Chinese values.
•
This was significant because they separated themselves from the rest of
Afro-Eurasia, not spreading culture or adapting technologies in contrast
to the Pax Mongolica due to limited cultural and trade exchange.
•
Moluccas 13-16th century10.
Mediterranean connection originated in Maluku islands, because they
held rare spices which people from Afro-Eurasia were keen on obtaining.
•
Port cites were significant of this connection because they created large
trade centers that allowed goods such as spices transported across the
Mediterranean.
•
It signified a time when maritime travel was important for areas'
economic boost by gaining goods they didn't have.
•
Mongol Eurasia11.
It’s unified in 1206 under Temujin and was divided into 4 khanates.•
It opened to foreigners for trade and travel. For example, Marco Polo was
employed as an emissary by Kublai Khan.
•
Women had more freedom and rights in nomadic society because they
played important roles like taking care of animals.
•
They forced conquered people into military service (deployment), which
led to lots of integration.
•
Mongol expansion sparked massive refugee movements (displacement),
which led to dramatically population declined.
•
It relocated people to make the population distribution balanced
(replacement).
•
The Mongols were masters of military tech because of stirrups.•
It reached its height of power (most territory) in 1270.•
Murad III12.
He was a famous Islamic Sultan of the ottoman empire. He was famous
for his tolerance of printed books during a time when the rest of the
world hated printing.
•
He allowed the printing of non-religious texts, encouraging mostly
academic prints.
•
This was significant because it showed Islamic encouragement of spread
of knowledge and shoes beginning of rise in economy.
•
"others"13.
"others" in 14th century Christendom were victims of irrational
conspiracies of Jews and lepers.
•
Reactions to the black death includes scapegoating and violence of
"others" by Christian communities.
•
Labelling of "others" led to rise of money economy by increasing social
mobility.
•
Political states started to unite themselves in opposition to "others".
Religion was a maker of social difference and people became militant in
their faith.
•
Such intolerance led to expulsions and massacres of Jews.•
Ottoman empire14.
Also known as the Turkish empire, was found in the 13th century.•
Ottomans conquered Byzantine empire and this marked the end of
medieval period and the beginning of early modern period.
•
Ottoman had access to gunpower earlier than other societies, so the
ottoman took the advantage of gunpower to conquer areas such as Egypt
and Syria.
•
And the ottoman empire came to control strategic places such as the
Black Sea trade and the spice trade, becoming a large power in Afro-
Eurasia.
•
The ottomans converted people to Islam through trade network and holy
war as defense to Christian crusades, spreading Islam.
•
Pax Mongolica15.
It’s created by Temujin in 13th century, also known as the "Mongolian
Peace". It created a peaceful time in which citizens could exchange ideas
with other regions.
•
It facilitated cultural exchange globally by recruitment.•
It led to the age of exploration.•
It fostered cultural integration through fusion of many distinct groups.•
It encouraged massive transregional trade because of yams. •
There was mass hospitality and general openness toward foreigners, such
as welcomed Marco Polo, and foreign influences, such as tolerance of
Buddhism, Christianity and Islam.
•
Reconquest16.
It’s the conquest that Christianity recovered Iberia lost to Islam in
8th-15th century.
•
Crusades were created in Iberia and strong military culture was
developed. Reconquest signified a period of destruction and conquest.
•
Since Christians believed that they favored by God, they used religious
justification for injustice. A large group of noble class emerged.
•
There were coexistence among Jews, Muslims and Christians. This
created economic ties between Muslim and Christian states and led to
rise of Italian cities due to economic and cultural exchanges. Therefore,
although reconquest divided parts of Afro-Eurasia, it also unified Afro-
Eurasia.
•
Red Sea Route17.
Controlled by Murad sultanate whose capital was Cairo, the trading
capital of the Islamic world.
•
It connected Mediterranean by trade. •
Linked Indian Ocean with middle east and Europe with Venetians
functioning as middlemen.
•
Linens, spices and sugar were sent to Europe. •
Stern-post rubber18.
A Chinese invention that was adopted by Europe in the 14th century that
gave crew more control over boat on open water where they could steer
easier against wind and use winds more effectively.
•
It led to more construction of larger and steadier ships.•
This is significant, because it encouraged exploration in Europe as they
could travel faster and longer distance with bigger ships holding supplies.
•
Trans-Saharan trade19.
It bridged West Africa to North Africa and Europe, established by Muslim
traders seeking gold in 7th century.
•
Eurasian demand for gold drives demand for route into African gold
mines.
•
It promoted exchange between north and south as well as stimulated
cultural exchange and connectivity.
•
It created great states and cities driven by trade by establishing kingdoms
linked network.
•
Islam spread using trade route. Saharan commodities were gold, salt and
slaves
•
Trans-Saharan trade integrates Africa with Eurasia.•
Yams20.
They were traveler's stations along silk road caravan trails provided by
ruling Mongolians of the Pax Mongolica in 13th century.
•
It assisted protection from bandits or other potential dangers of long
distance travels and merchants.
•
It provides food, water and place to sleep. It gave accessibility and
incentive to travel long distances which required extensive amount of
time.
•
It stimulated trade during the Pax Mongolica.•
Mission to Asia - John of Plano Carpini reports describes Mongol society,
culture, military, etc.; Travels of Ibn Battuta - meets Uzbeg Khan, Marco Polo -
describes Kinsay
•
Study Guide
Thursday, May 3, 2018
1:56 PM
Ahl-al-dhimma 13-14th century
1.
Definition: This was a Muslim practice that protected people living in
conquered lands.
•
Cultural significance: This fostered cultural exchange between the
Muslims and the non-Muslims living under Muslim rules.
•
Religious significance: This allowed the freedom of religion for Jews and
Christians, because they were also "people of the book" (dhimmis). And
Muslim rulers under this practice became more welcoming of
monotheists.
•
Greater significance: This established Muslims as having a more positive
coexistent nature during times of intolerance.
•
Convivencia 2.
Definition: •
This was practiced in Medieval Iberia, and was about how different
religious groups lived during Reconquista times.
-
This described a "peaceful coexistence" between the Muslim, the
Christian and the Jew communities under one another's rule.
-
Religious significance: it helped cultivate religious tolerance through
inner-community sponsorship of different worship. For example,
Christian king commissioned Islamic architects to build Jewish synagogue.
•
Cultural significance: It instilled multiculturalism through spread and
adoption of different languages.
•
Fez3.
Definition: it's the cosmopolitan center of trade (largest market in world)
in northern Africa, so it attracted merchants and craftsmen. That's where
Trans Saharan trade took place, so Fez played a significant role in
integrating Africa and Eurasia.
•
Economic significance: It signified rise of urban center which provided
lots of job opportunities.
•
Cultural significance: It's the capital of education in medieval world. It
attracted lots of scholars who later transferred classical knowledge to the
West. It’s also the center of book trade and it promoted cultural
exchanges in art, commence, science and religion.
•
Gunpower
4.
Definition: It’s invented in China in 9th century and travelled to Afro-
Eurasia along silk road.
•
Military significance:
•
It made prior fortifications obsolete. For example, tall think walls became
thick short walls.
-
And it prolonged cannon warfare.
-
This invention changed the design of ships.
-
Political significance:
•
It caused more deadly wars and rise of centralized states.
-
Ottomans used it to expand their empire and ruled Black Sea and Red Sea
routes.
-
Johannes Gutenberg
5.
Definition: He's the creator of the German mechanical movable type
printing press.
•
Significance: His printing press was considered the most important
invention of the modern era, because it profoundly impacted the
transmission of knowledge.
•
Economically speaking, his press allowed manuscripts to be mass-
produced at affordable costs. Therefore, it helped expand opportunities
for literacy and learning.
•
His work led to an "information revolution" that can be linked to the
internet development today.
•
Printed map became the key to strategic dominance.
•
Kaffa
6.
It’s a city located at the coast of the Black Sea. The black death brought
out in Mongols camp when they sieged Kaffa. The Mongol catapulted the
bodies into Kaffa and destroyed the city with plague. The survivors of
Kaffa brought black death to the European continent.
•
This was the earliest use of plague as weapon of war at Kaffa in 1346.•
Genoese spread the black death among Black Sea ports of Kaffa.•
Mamluk Empire 13-16th century 7.
It’s known as the "Defender of Islam". The Mamluk Sultanate ruled Syria
and Egypt since 1250.
•
After the black plague, Cairo which located in this empire, became the
trading capital of the Islamic world and it controlled the Read Sea Route.
Therefore, Cairo helped foster the growth of intellectual centers in the
area.
•
It's defeated by Ottoman because ottomans had gunpower weapons. •
Medieval Warming period8.
Definition: from 950 to 1250 this was a period of mild, stable and warm
weather in the North Atlantic that was conductive to growing crops and
grapes.
•
This period led to a high yield of harvests, especially with the
technological innovations such as mills and ploughs.
•
The warm weather is important because it increased population with
enough food.
•
It led to urbanization, development of new towns. •
Aristocrats lived in rural areas and gained immunity from diseases.•
There had lack of invasion leading to social stability.•
9.Ming Dynasty
1368-1644•
It came into power after Mongol Yuan Dynasty having an agricultural
economy and focusing on establishing Chinese traditions.
•
Trade and cultural exchange was looked down upon because they
wanted to only focus on Chinese values.
•
This was significant because they separated themselves from the rest of
Afro-Eurasia, not spreading culture or adapting technologies in contrast
to the Pax Mongolica due to limited cultural and trade exchange.
•
Moluccas 13-16th century10.
Mediterranean connection originated in Maluku islands, because they
held rare spices which people from Afro-Eurasia were keen on obtaining.
•
Port cites were significant of this connection because they created large
trade centers that allowed goods such as spices transported across the
Mediterranean.
•
It signified a time when maritime travel was important for areas'
economic boost by gaining goods they didn't have.
•
Mongol Eurasia11.
It’s unified in 1206 under Temujin and was divided into 4 khanates.•
It opened to foreigners for trade and travel. For example, Marco Polo was
employed as an emissary by Kublai Khan.
•
Women had more freedom and rights in nomadic society because they
played important roles like taking care of animals.
•
They forced conquered people into military service (deployment), which
led to lots of integration.
•
Mongol expansion sparked massive refugee movements (displacement),
which led to dramatically population declined.
•
It relocated people to make the population distribution balanced
(replacement).
•
The Mongols were masters of military tech because of stirrups.•
It reached its height of power (most territory) in 1270.•
Murad III12.
He was a famous Islamic Sultan of the ottoman empire. He was famous
for his tolerance of printed books during a time when the rest of the
world hated printing.
•
He allowed the printing of non-religious texts, encouraging mostly
academic prints.
•
This was significant because it showed Islamic encouragement of spread
of knowledge and shoes beginning of rise in economy.
•
"others"13.
"others" in 14th century Christendom were victims of irrational
conspiracies of Jews and lepers.
•
Reactions to the black death includes scapegoating and violence of
"others" by Christian communities.
•
Labelling of "others" led to rise of money economy by increasing social
mobility.
•
Political states started to unite themselves in opposition to "others".
Religion was a maker of social difference and people became militant in
their faith.
•
Such intolerance led to expulsions and massacres of Jews.•
Ottoman empire14.
Also known as the Turkish empire, was found in the 13th century.•
Ottomans conquered Byzantine empire and this marked the end of
medieval period and the beginning of early modern period.
•
Ottoman had access to gunpower earlier than other societies, so the
ottoman took the advantage of gunpower to conquer areas such as Egypt
and Syria.
•
And the ottoman empire came to control strategic places such as the
Black Sea trade and the spice trade, becoming a large power in Afro-
Eurasia.
•
The ottomans converted people to Islam through trade network and holy
war as defense to Christian crusades, spreading Islam.
•
Pax Mongolica15.
It’s created by Temujin in 13th century, also known as the "Mongolian
Peace". It created a peaceful time in which citizens could exchange ideas
with other regions.
•
It facilitated cultural exchange globally by recruitment.•
It led to the age of exploration.•
It fostered cultural integration through fusion of many distinct groups.•
It encouraged massive transregional trade because of yams. •
There was mass hospitality and general openness toward foreigners, such
as welcomed Marco Polo, and foreign influences, such as tolerance of
Buddhism, Christianity and Islam.
•
Reconquest16.
It’s the conquest that Christianity recovered Iberia lost to Islam in
8th-15th century.
•
Crusades were created in Iberia and strong military culture was
developed. Reconquest signified a period of destruction and conquest.
•
Since Christians believed that they favored by God, they used religious
justification for injustice. A large group of noble class emerged.
•
There were coexistence among Jews, Muslims and Christians. This
created economic ties between Muslim and Christian states and led to
rise of Italian cities due to economic and cultural exchanges. Therefore,
although reconquest divided parts of Afro-Eurasia, it also unified Afro-
Eurasia.
•
Red Sea Route17.
Controlled by Murad sultanate whose capital was Cairo, the trading
capital of the Islamic world.
•
It connected Mediterranean by trade. •
Linked Indian Ocean with middle east and Europe with Venetians
functioning as middlemen.
•
Linens, spices and sugar were sent to Europe. •
Stern-post rubber18.
A Chinese invention that was adopted by Europe in the 14th century that
gave crew more control over boat on open water where they could steer
easier against wind and use winds more effectively.
•
It led to more construction of larger and steadier ships.•
This is significant, because it encouraged exploration in Europe as they
could travel faster and longer distance with bigger ships holding supplies.
•
Trans-Saharan trade19.
It bridged West Africa to North Africa and Europe, established by Muslim
traders seeking gold in 7th century.
•
Eurasian demand for gold drives demand for route into African gold
mines.
•
It promoted exchange between north and south as well as stimulated
cultural exchange and connectivity.
•
It created great states and cities driven by trade by establishing kingdoms
linked network.
•
Islam spread using trade route. Saharan commodities were gold, salt and
slaves
•
Trans-Saharan trade integrates Africa with Eurasia.•
Yams20.
They were traveler's stations along silk road caravan trails provided by
ruling Mongolians of the Pax Mongolica in 13th century.
•
It assisted protection from bandits or other potential dangers of long
distance travels and merchants.
•
It provides food, water and place to sleep. It gave accessibility and
incentive to travel long distances which required extensive amount of
time.
•
It stimulated trade during the Pax Mongolica.•
Mission to Asia - John of Plano Carpini reports describes Mongol society,
culture, military, etc.; Travels of Ibn Battuta - meets Uzbeg Khan, Marco Polo -
describes Kinsay
•
Study Guide
Thursday, May 3, 2018 1:56 PM
Ahl-al-dhimma 13-14th century
1.
Definition: This was a Muslim practice that protected people living in
conquered lands.
•
Cultural significance: This fostered cultural exchange between the
Muslims and the non-Muslims living under Muslim rules.
•
Religious significance: This allowed the freedom of religion for Jews and
Christians, because they were also "people of the book" (dhimmis). And
Muslim rulers under this practice became more welcoming of
monotheists.
•
Greater significance: This established Muslims as having a more positive
coexistent nature during times of intolerance.
•
Convivencia 2.
Definition: •
This was practiced in Medieval Iberia, and was about how different
religious groups lived during Reconquista times.
-
This described a "peaceful coexistence" between the Muslim, the
Christian and the Jew communities under one another's rule.
-
Religious significance: it helped cultivate religious tolerance through
inner-community sponsorship of different worship. For example,
Christian king commissioned Islamic architects to build Jewish synagogue.
•
Cultural significance: It instilled multiculturalism through spread and
adoption of different languages.
•
Fez3.
Definition: it's the cosmopolitan center of trade (largest market in world)
in northern Africa, so it attracted merchants and craftsmen. That's where
Trans Saharan trade took place, so Fez played a significant role in
integrating Africa and Eurasia.
•
Economic significance: It signified rise of urban center which provided
lots of job opportunities.
•
Cultural significance: It's the capital of education in medieval world. It
attracted lots of scholars who later transferred classical knowledge to the
West. It’s also the center of book trade and it promoted cultural
exchanges in art, commence, science and religion.
•
Gunpower4.
Definition: It’s invented in China in 9th century and travelled to Afro-
Eurasia along silk road.
•
Military significance: •
It made prior fortifications obsolete. For example, tall think walls became
thick short walls.
-
And it prolonged cannon warfare.
-
This invention changed the design of ships.
-
Political significance:•
It caused more deadly wars and rise of centralized states.
-
Ottomans used it to expand their empire and ruled Black Sea and Red Sea
routes.
-
Johannes Gutenberg5.
Definition: He's the creator of the German mechanical movable type
printing press.
•
Significance: His printing press was considered the most important
invention of the modern era, because it profoundly impacted the
transmission of knowledge.
•
Economically speaking, his press allowed manuscripts to be mass-
produced at affordable costs. Therefore, it helped expand opportunities
for literacy and learning.
•
His work led to an "information revolution" that can be linked to the
internet development today.
•
Printed map became the key to strategic dominance.•
Kaffa6.
It’s a city located at the coast of the Black Sea. The black death brought
out in Mongols camp when they sieged Kaffa. The Mongol catapulted the
bodies into Kaffa and destroyed the city with plague. The survivors of
Kaffa brought black death to the European continent.
•
This was the earliest use of plague as weapon of war at Kaffa in 1346.
•
Genoese spread the black death among Black Sea ports of Kaffa.
•
Mamluk Empire 13-16th century
7.
It’s known as the "Defender of Islam". The Mamluk Sultanate ruled Syria
and Egypt since 1250.
•
After the black plague, Cairo which located in this empire, became the
trading capital of the Islamic world and it controlled the Read Sea Route.
Therefore, Cairo helped foster the growth of intellectual centers in the
area.
•
It's defeated by Ottoman because ottomans had gunpower weapons.
•
Medieval Warming period
8.
Definition: from 950 to 1250 this was a period of mild, stable and warm
weather in the North Atlantic that was conductive to growing crops and
grapes.
•
This period led to a high yield of harvests, especially with the
technological innovations such as mills and ploughs.
•
The warm weather is important because it increased population with
enough food.
•
It led to urbanization, development of new towns.
•
Aristocrats lived in rural areas and gained immunity from diseases.
•
There had lack of invasion leading to social stability.
•
9.Ming Dynasty
1368-1644
•
It came into power after Mongol Yuan Dynasty having an agricultural
economy and focusing on establishing Chinese traditions.
•
Trade and cultural exchange was looked down upon because they
wanted to only focus on Chinese values.
•
This was significant because they separated themselves from the rest of
Afro-Eurasia, not spreading culture or adapting technologies in contrast
to the Pax Mongolica due to limited cultural and trade exchange.
•
Moluccas 13-16th century10.
Mediterranean connection originated in Maluku islands, because they
held rare spices which people from Afro-Eurasia were keen on obtaining.
•
Port cites were significant of this connection because they created large
trade centers that allowed goods such as spices transported across the
Mediterranean.
•
It signified a time when maritime travel was important for areas'
economic boost by gaining goods they didn't have.
•
Mongol Eurasia11.
It’s unified in 1206 under Temujin and was divided into 4 khanates.•
It opened to foreigners for trade and travel. For example, Marco Polo was
employed as an emissary by Kublai Khan.
•
Women had more freedom and rights in nomadic society because they
played important roles like taking care of animals.
•
They forced conquered people into military service (deployment), which
led to lots of integration.
•
Mongol expansion sparked massive refugee movements (displacement),
which led to dramatically population declined.
•
It relocated people to make the population distribution balanced
(replacement).
•
The Mongols were masters of military tech because of stirrups.•
It reached its height of power (most territory) in 1270.•
Murad III12.
He was a famous Islamic Sultan of the ottoman empire. He was famous
for his tolerance of printed books during a time when the rest of the
world hated printing.
•
He allowed the printing of non-religious texts, encouraging mostly
academic prints.
•
This was significant because it showed Islamic encouragement of spread
of knowledge and shoes beginning of rise in economy.
•
"others"13.
"others" in 14th century Christendom were victims of irrational
conspiracies of Jews and lepers.
•
Reactions to the black death includes scapegoating and violence of
"others" by Christian communities.
•
Labelling of "others" led to rise of money economy by increasing social
mobility.
•
Political states started to unite themselves in opposition to "others".
Religion was a maker of social difference and people became militant in
their faith.
•
Such intolerance led to expulsions and massacres of Jews.•
Ottoman empire14.
Also known as the Turkish empire, was found in the 13th century.•
Ottomans conquered Byzantine empire and this marked the end of
medieval period and the beginning of early modern period.
•
Ottoman had access to gunpower earlier than other societies, so the
ottoman took the advantage of gunpower to conquer areas such as Egypt
and Syria.
•
And the ottoman empire came to control strategic places such as the
Black Sea trade and the spice trade, becoming a large power in Afro-
Eurasia.
•
The ottomans converted people to Islam through trade network and holy
war as defense to Christian crusades, spreading Islam.
•
Pax Mongolica15.
It’s created by Temujin in 13th century, also known as the "Mongolian
Peace". It created a peaceful time in which citizens could exchange ideas
with other regions.
•
It facilitated cultural exchange globally by recruitment.•
It led to the age of exploration.•
It fostered cultural integration through fusion of many distinct groups.•
It encouraged massive transregional trade because of yams. •
There was mass hospitality and general openness toward foreigners, such
as welcomed Marco Polo, and foreign influences, such as tolerance of
Buddhism, Christianity and Islam.
•
Reconquest16.
It’s the conquest that Christianity recovered Iberia lost to Islam in
8th-15th century.
•
Crusades were created in Iberia and strong military culture was
developed. Reconquest signified a period of destruction and conquest.
•
Since Christians believed that they favored by God, they used religious
justification for injustice. A large group of noble class emerged.
•
There were coexistence among Jews, Muslims and Christians. This
created economic ties between Muslim and Christian states and led to
rise of Italian cities due to economic and cultural exchanges. Therefore,
although reconquest divided parts of Afro-Eurasia, it also unified Afro-
Eurasia.
•
Red Sea Route17.
Controlled by Murad sultanate whose capital was Cairo, the trading
capital of the Islamic world.
•
It connected Mediterranean by trade. •
Linked Indian Ocean with middle east and Europe with Venetians
functioning as middlemen.
•
Linens, spices and sugar were sent to Europe. •
Stern-post rubber18.
A Chinese invention that was adopted by Europe in the 14th century that
gave crew more control over boat on open water where they could steer
easier against wind and use winds more effectively.
•
It led to more construction of larger and steadier ships.•
This is significant, because it encouraged exploration in Europe as they
could travel faster and longer distance with bigger ships holding supplies.
•
Trans-Saharan trade19.
It bridged West Africa to North Africa and Europe, established by Muslim
traders seeking gold in 7th century.
•
Eurasian demand for gold drives demand for route into African gold
mines.
•
It promoted exchange between north and south as well as stimulated
cultural exchange and connectivity.
•
It created great states and cities driven by trade by establishing kingdoms
linked network.
•
Islam spread using trade route. Saharan commodities were gold, salt and
slaves
•
Trans-Saharan trade integrates Africa with Eurasia.•
Yams20.
They were traveler's stations along silk road caravan trails provided by
ruling Mongolians of the Pax Mongolica in 13th century.
•
It assisted protection from bandits or other potential dangers of long
distance travels and merchants.
•
It provides food, water and place to sleep. It gave accessibility and
incentive to travel long distances which required extensive amount of
time.
•
It stimulated trade during the Pax Mongolica.•
Mission to Asia - John of Plano Carpini reports describes Mongol society,
culture, military, etc.; Travels of Ibn Battuta - meets Uzbeg Khan, Marco Polo -
describes Kinsay
•
Study Guide
Thursday, May 3, 2018 1:56 PM
Document Summary
Definition: this was a muslim practice that protected people living in conquered lands. Cultural significance: this fostered cultural exchange between the. Muslims and the non-muslims living under muslim rules. Religious significance: this allowed the freedom of religion for jews and. Christians, because they were also "people of the book" (dhimmis). Muslim rulers under this practice became more welcoming of monotheists. Greater significance: this established muslims as having a more positive coexistent nature during times of intolerance. This was practiced in medieval iberia, and was about how different religious groups lived during reconquista times. This described a "peaceful coexistence" between the muslim, the. Christian and the jew communities under one another"s rule. Religious significance: it helped cultivate religious tolerance through inner-community sponsorship of different worship. Christian king commissioned islamic architects to build jewish synagogue. Cultural significance: it instilled multiculturalism through spread and adoption of different languages.
