PSYC 101 Study Guide - Fall 2018, Comprehensive Midterm Notes - Toy, Object Permanence, Genetics
PSYC 101
MIDTERM EXAM
STUDY GUIDE
Fall 2018
Intro to child development
• Ideal: use science to improve development (get the best offsprings)
• Challenges:
• Can’t systematically test effects
• Random assignments don’t work
• Experiments to know the cause are impractical and unethical
• Psychological outcomes generally have many causes
• Same influences can have different consequences
• Disagreement on goals
• Tyson: different parenting practices can’t be directly related to cihld
behavior
Reasons to study development
• Curiosity about people
• Making sense of behavior
• Understanding individual differences
o Achievement
o Relationships
• Prevention and intervention
o measure effects of different programs
▪ bully prevention
▪ color coded IDS
• Extending what works
o Peer tutoring
o Certain board games
• Knowing what doesnt
o Drug prvention
o Eating disorder survivor walk-in programs
o Obesity letters
• understanding who benefits
o Promoting academic success
▪ Remedial programs
▪ Class size reduction
• Making use of psychological principles
o Making choice that leads to desired outcome easier
Solving practical problems
• Managing anger and dissappointment
o Calm down = not effective
• Many cognitive behavioral interventions are effective
o Changing unhelpful thinking and behavior
o Ex: Preparing children to say “o well, maybe next time”
o One cognitive behavioral intervention
▪ Turtle technique:
▪ turtle puppet explains a time he got upset
▪ Tells himself to STOP
▪ Retreat into his shell and take 3 breaths
▪ Thinks to self, how do I solve this better?
▪ Comes out of shell ready to solve problem
• Understanding patterns of normative behavior: adaptive attributions
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
o attribution:process by which individuals explain the causes of
behavior/events)
o Ex: adolescent embarrassment
o Terrible twos
o Understand their feelings better by using positive attributions
• Coping with a new sibling
o New baby puts strain on relationships
• Implications for public policy
o Second language learning(good to start learning early)
o School start times
o Accuracy in testimony
Understanding cultural influences (what’s universal? What’s a unique cultural
phenomenon?)
General psychological principles versus cultural learning
Ideas about risk and safety
To what extent is interconnectedness valued?
Individualism versus collectivism
Freedom and individuality vs. group identity and harmony
Chinese children dont tell on mom
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
Document Summary
Implications for public policy: second language learning(good to start learning early, school start times, accuracy in testimony. Freedom and individuality vs. group identity and harmony. Self/other reports: people report by themselves: advantage, ppl"s experiences, can get lots of observation time, disadvantages, presentational motives, marital satisfaction reports, child language checklist, reports of diet and exercise, how to reduce presentational motives: Ex: i have never told a lie on purpose: problems of knowledge: Participants often more knowledgeable about specific behaviors than general traits. > clarity of question working and response options. Does your child play sports/musical instruments? (yes or no or sports?) Even if questions are clear people may not really read them. Iv: posture of baby, length of gap, type of toy, how they crawled: variants, hybrid experimental/naturalistic, teachers follow instructions, quasi-experimental, day care effects, not randomly assigned. Prenatal stages: germinal period (conception- day 9, cell division starts after 12 hours, zygote goes through fallopian tubes.
