SOCI 3810 Study Guide - Final Guide: Liberal Feminism, Restorative Justice, Communitarianism
2 May 2018
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Theories
I. Labeling Theory & Stigma
i. Overview
•focus on offender’s behavior
•self-fulfilling prophecy
•involvement of CJS increases recidivism & does little to deter crime
ii. Tannenbaum’s Crime & Community, Roots of Theory
•key aspect of “criminal” —> being arrested & making public one’s
delinquent status
•become aware of criminal identity after labeled & treated like one
•“the person become the thing he is described as being”
iii. Lemert
•primary deviance —> rational, normal deviations
•secondary deviance —> individual organizes life & identity around
deviance
•the shift : occurs bc of stigmatizing reactions of others over time
iv. Braithwaite
•crime is higher when shaming is stigmatizing & lower when it is
reintegrative (shame has affect at micro-level bc of interdependency; affects
at macro-level bc of communitarianism)
•stigmatizing shame —> shaming with NO effort to reintegrate; leads to
criminal subcultures
•reintegrative shame —> shaming with effort to reintegrate offender; controls
crime
•Policy Implication : restorative justice
-“conference” attended by victim & offender
-decide how offender can restore their harm & remain in community
II. Feminist Theories
i. Forms of Feminist Criminology
(a) Liberation Thesis —> if girl are raised more like boys & had the same
opportunities, their behavior should become more like boys
•based in Liberal feminism
•3 Major Criticisms
1. lack of evidence
2. implied labor market participation & equality in opportunities
would foster crime
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3. focus on socialization & occupational opportunities does not
consider structural roots of sexism
(b) Patriarchy —> social system in which men dominate women in personal
relationships & societal institutions
•based in Radical feminism
•male & female crime linked to patriarchy; male is normal, female is
abnormal
•contributions
-use of law to reaffirm subordinate female role
-attention to victimization of women by men
-argued oppression of women & their victimization is a major
cause of female offending
ii. Masculinities & Crime —> Messerschmidt
•Criminality & Masculinity are intertwined
-“hegemonic masculinity” — a way to do crime
-behaviors of boys inside and outside of school
•forms of masculinity
1. Accommodating Masculinity
-men do follow rules (even if unmanly)
-does not reinforce hegemonic masculinity stereotypes
2. Oppositional Masculinity
-men don’t follow rules
-considered manly/dominant to break rules — reinforces
hegemonic masculinity stereotypes
-mostly out of school behavior & lower class racial minorities bc
their social position
iii. Toward a Gendered Theory of Female Offending : Steffensmeier & Allan
•integrated (gendered approach) theory —> gender mediates way in which
factors suggested by traditional theories affect crime
•key elements of gendered approach
1. explains female and male criminality
2. accounts for gender differences in type, frequency, & context of
crime
3. considers key ways in which women’s routes to crime may differ
from men
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find more resources at oneclass.com
Document Summary
Decide how offender can restore their harm & remain in community. Feminist theories: forms of feminist criminology (a) liberation thesis > if girl are raised more like boys & had the same opportunities, their behavior should become more like boys, based in liberal feminism, 3 major criticisms. 2. lack of evidence implied labor market participation & equality in opportunities would foster crime. Use of law to reaffirm subordinate female role. Attention to victimization of women by men. Argued oppression of women & their victimization is a major cause of female offending: masculinities & crime > messerschmidt, criminality & masculinity are intertwined. Hegemonic masculinity a way to do crime. Behaviors of boys inside and outside of school: forms of masculinity, accommodating masculinity. Men do follow rules (even if unmanly) Does not reinforce hegemonic masculinity stereotypes: oppositional masculinity. Considered manly/dominant to break rules reinforces hegemonic masculinity stereotypes. Ex. self-control theory: theories of continuity or change (lcp or al)
