BIOLOGY 280 Final: Biology 280 (all class notes)
Document Summary
Monophyletic - organism/species (real or hypothetical) and all of its descendants. Paraphyletic - organism/species (real or hypothetical) and some of its descendants. Synapomorphy: 4 feet, pentadactylic if talking ahout mammals, this is a symplesiomorphy (going backward on the cladogram) Homology - similarity of biological features (genes, structures, behaviors) in different species because of their descent from a common ancestor. Homologous genes do not necessarily produce the same features because an ancestral gene may be recruited for different functions in different lineages. Homoplacy - character similarity that arose independently in different groups through convergence or parallelism. Phylogeny - hypothesis of how things are related. Cladogram - visual representation of evolutionary history (phylogeny) Ontogeny - origin and development of an organism, from conception to adult. Morphology - study of anatomical form and structure. Genotype - genetic constitution of an organism. Phenotype - characters that make up structure, function, and behavior of an organism. Endochondral bone - star tout as cartilage (humans)
