BIOL 208 Study Guide - Spring 2018, Comprehensive Midterm Notes - Capillary, Oxygen, Blood
BIOL 208
MIDTERM EXAM
STUDY GUIDE
Fall 2018
Blood - Composition and Function (pgs. 635-638)
● blood is CT - derived and produced in bone marrow, and bone is CT, thus blood is CT
● matrix in blood is fluid. it is not fibers, rather fluid
● blood consists of cells and a matrix of fluid
Composition of Whole Blood (WB) (636-637)
● **when you cut yourself, the blood that comes out is whole blood
● whole blood has 2 components; plasma and formed elements (FE)
● formed elements are called this because they don’t dissolve in liquid matrix, rather they float
within it
Plasma (pg. 637 - table 17.1)
● 55% of blood is plasma
● least dense component
● liquid
● mostly water
● has a yellow straw color
● within that water there is 10% of dissolved materials
● 6 items dissolved in plasma; these items are transported because they are dissolved in the
plasma. transported, move along, then leave
● 1) inorganic ions - 9/10 of plasma volume; sodium, chlorine, and bicarbonate
● 2) plasma proteins (7-9%) - antibodies, clotting factors, enzymes - these have a protein base
to them
● 3) organic nutrients - not the major molecules, but the breakdown portion of molecules.
Example in a carbohydrate you'd have glucose, which is forever circulating throughout the
body to supply energy. fatty acids, amino acids, LA, vitamins - all examples of breakdown
● 4) waste products - when any major molecules are broken down, they have undesired waste
byproducts (nitrogenous waste). these nitrogenous wastes are from nucleic acids (RNA,
DNA etc.) and when they are broken down proteins, when proteins are broken down the
amino group, the NH2 becomes NH3
● 5) Hormones - example would be renin - angiotensin pathway. hormones travel from glands
to target organs
● 6) respiratory acids - only 2% of oxygen that is transported by blood is dissolved in plasma.
98% of oxygen transported in the blood is in the hemoglobin. if hemoglobin is destroyed, you
die. blood can only pick up oxygen in a dissolved form in the plasma
Formed elements (FE)
● make up 45% of whole blood
● suspended in plasma
● 3 categories of formed elements;
● erythrocytes (RBC) - they are a-nucleate, meaning they are without a nucleus. they
have a lifespan of about 120-140 days because there is no “synthetic machinery”,
rather a big package of hemoglobin, about 250 million hemoglobin molecules in one
red blood cell. Production of RBCs is called erythropoiesis. RBC function is that it is
involved in gas transport. The transport of oxygen from lungs to tissues. a good
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portion of CO2 transport from cells to the lungs as well. Gas transport is principle
function.
● leukocytes (WBC) - there are 5 types of leukocytes. they are large, larger than RBC,
they do have nucleus and can multiply, can multiply very rapidly (like in leukemia).
production of WBCs is called leukopoiesis. their function is in immunity
● Thrombocytes (platelets) - involved in blood clotting. blood clotting is an aspect of
hemostasis. blood clotting is so blood doesn't leave your body (i.e. when you get
cut). Hemostasis is whatever mechanism is used to make sure blood doesn't leave
your body when it is not supposed to. production of platelets is called
thrombopoiesis.
*** Buffy coat ***
● <1% of whole blood
● made up of the leukocytes (WBC) and thrombocytes (platelets)
Hematocrit
● this is the % of red blood cells in whole blood. varies between women and men
● also called “packed cells” in centrifuge
● 38% is normal in women
● 43-44% is normal in men
Serum
● serum is plasma — (**minus**) fibrinogen
● fibrinogen is the inactive form of fibrin. fibrin is one of the major clotting factors. fibrin forms
the fiber. have protein fibers that interact to form meshwork that begins the clot. so if an
individual has problems w/ blood clotting and needs to have transfusion, they will give them
serum and will not clot anymore, because the fibrinogen has been removed.
● when you take fibrinogen out, blood can never clot
Functions of the Blood (pg. 636)
● I) transport function
● a) transport of respiratory gases (CO2, O2 - respiratory gases)
● b) transport of nutrients - take in food, broken down to simple molecules that are then
absorbed from intestines into circulation, then throughout the entire body. when
these nutrients leave the small intestine, they can be transported either directly to
other cells to be utilized OR they can go to other areas and be stored as glycogen or
be stored as fat. later on these stored items can be retrieved
● c) transport of excretory waste products (NH3, lactic acid, CO2) (kidneys and the
lungs are the major excretory organs)
● II) communication system
● the blood is transporting information from one part of the body to another
● endocrine system (transport of hormones)
● blood helps the endocrine system
● III) thermoregulation
● ability to regulate body temperature
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Document Summary
Blood is ct - derived and produced in bone marrow, and bone is ct, thus blood is ct. Matrix in blood is fluid. it is not fibers, rather fluid. Blood consists of cells and a matrix of fluid. **when you cut yourself, the blood that comes out is whole blood. Whole blood has 2 components; plasma and formed elements (fe) formed elements are called this because they don"t dissolve in liquid matrix, rather they float within it. 55% of blood is plasma least dense component liquid. Within that water there is 10% of dissolved materials. 6 items dissolved in plasma; these items are transported because they are dissolved in the plasma. transported, move along, then leave. 1) inorganic ions - 9/10 of plasma volume; sodium, chlorine, and bicarbonate. 2) plasma proteins (7-9%) - antibodies, clotting factors, enzymes - these have a protein base to them. 3) organic nutrients - not the major molecules, but the breakdown portion of molecules.
