BIOS 111- Final Exam Guide - Comprehensive Notes for the exam ( 237 pages long!)
Document Summary
189-190) ionizing radiation gamma rays, x rays, high energy electron beams. Shorter=carry more energy ionizing water forms hydroxyl radicals react with dna. High energy electron beams used in food sterilization/clean medical supplies: nonionizing radiation longer wavelengths, greater than 1 nm. Uv light: damages dna, causes formation of bonds between pyrimidine bases, thymine dimers inhibit correct reproduction of dna found in hospitals, nurseries, operating rooms, germicidal. Only kills b in direct exposure: microwaves. Adp converted to atp by chemiosmosis: cyclic photophosphorylation. Electrons released from photosystem i return to chlorophyll: noncyclic photophosphorylation. Products: atp, o2, and nadph light independent (dark) reactions: co2 reduced to sugar by electrons and atp, calvin-benson cycle, require no direct light, co2 is fixed, figure on page 139, organisms obtain energy from oxidation reactions. 228: x rays and gamma rays potent mutagens. Electrons break their shells leave some molecules with unpaired electrons: very reactive, oxidize dna mutations. Break covalent bonds: break chromosomes, uv radiation.
