NRS 312 Study Guide - Final Guide: Fluid Replacement, Intravenous Sugar Solution, Osmosis
Fluid and Electrolyte Balance- Part 2
• Fluid Excess
o Change in mental status
o Abnormal breath sounds
o crackles
o Cough, dyspnea/orthopnea
o Tachycardia
o S3 heart sound
o Hypertension
o JVD
o Edema
o Urine specific gravity (low)
o Hemodilution
o Weight gain
• Fluid Deficit
o Change in mental status
o Headache
o Thirst
o Warm, flushed, dry skin
o Hypotension
o Tachycardia
o Weak pulses
o Decreased urine output
o Urine specific gravity (high)
o Dark urine
o Hemoconcentration
o Weight loss
o Decreased turgor
o Dry mucous membranes
• Fluid Volume Excess- More notes
o Fluid Volume, Excess (FVE), or hypervolemia, refers to an isotonic expansion of
the ECF due to an increase in total body sodium content and an increase in total
body water.
o This fluid overload usually occurs from compromised regulatory mechanisms for
sodium and water as seen in congestive heart failure (CHF), kidney failure, and
liver failure.
o Excessive intake of sodium from foods, medications, IV solutions, or diagnostic
dyes are also considered causes of FVE.
o Other medical conditions that could contribute to FVE are hemodialysis,
peritoneal dialysis and myocardial infarction.
• FVE Interventions
o Promote fluid balance
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