OCG 301 Study Guide - Fall 2018, Comprehensive Midterm Notes - Solar Irradiance, Earth, Oxygen
OCG 301
MIDTERM EXAM
STUDY GUIDE
Fall 2018
9/6/18
● History of ocean science and exploration
○ Voyaging began for trade purposes
○ Polynesians spread throughout the Pacific Ocean , known for their knowledge of
oceans and marine science.
■ Colonized many islands
○ Chinese explored Indian Ocean
■ Invented the compass
■ Sailed w/ multiple masts
○ Eratosthenes developed latitude and longitude
■ Latitude; N → S (lines run E-W)
■ Longitude; E → W (lines run N-S)
○ Europeans explored during the Renaissance
■ Christopher Columbus
■ Ferdinand Magellan; crossed all the oceans
■ James Cook; leading the first voyages devoted to methodic scientific
oceanography
● Invented the chronometer
● Charting New Zealand and the GBR
● Sampled marine life and plants
○ HMS Challenger expedition first oceanic expedition dedicated to scientific
research
● Oceanic Instruments
○ XBT; Salinity and temperature
○ Argo Floats
■ Temp, Salinity, currents, bio-optical properties
○ Airborne eXpendable BathyThermograph (AXBT)
■ Used during hurricanes
■ Measures wind, humidity, pressure, ocean temp
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
Earth Structure
● Density is a key concept for understanding the structure of Earth
○ Density = Mass/Volume
● Density is usually expressed in grams per cubic centimeter (g/cm3)
● Determined by studying seismic waves generated by earthquakes + Earth’s magnetic
field
○ Surface waves cause most of property damage
○ Body waves are used to analyze the earth's interior structure
■ P + S Waves (move through Earth)
● P: Primary; compressional ( Travel twice as fast as S )
● S: Shear; side to side
● Earthquakes generate seismic waves that provide evidence for the Earth’s structure
○ Waves passing through a homogeneous planet would not be reflected or
refracted. They would follow linear paths
○ In a planet that becomes gradually denser, the waves would bend along evenly
curved paths. Density changes occur abruptly
○ P Waves can penetrate the liquid outer core but are bent in transit. A P wave
shadow zone forms between 103o and 143o from and earthquakes source
○ Our earth has a liquid outer core through which the side-to-side S waves cannot
penetrate, creating a large “shadow zone” between 103o and 180o from an
earthquake's source
●
Layer
Physical properties
Lithosphere (Oceanic +Continental Crust)
Cool, rigid, outer layer
Asthenosphere
Hot, partially melted layer which flows
slowly
Mantle
Denser and more slowly flowing than the
asthenosphere
Outer Core
Dense, viscous liquid layer, extremely hot
Inner Core
Solid, very dense and extremely hot
●
Layer
Chemical Properties
Continental Crust
Composed primarily of granite
2.7g/cm3
Oceanic Crust
Composed primarily of basalt
2.9g/cm3
Mantle
Composed of silicon, oxygen, iron and
magnesium
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
Document Summary
Polynesians spread throughout the pacific ocean , known for their knowledge of oceans and marine science. Latitude; n s (lines run e-w) Longitude; e w (lines run n-s) James cook; leading the first voyages devoted to methodic scientific oceanography. Hms challenger expedition first oceanic expedition dedicated to scientific research. Density is a key concept for understanding the structure of earth. Density is usually expressed in grams per cubic centimeter (g/cm3) Determined by studying seismic waves generated by earthquakes + earth"s magnetic field. Surface waves cause most of property damage. Body waves are used to analyze the earth"s interior structure. P + s waves (move through earth) P: primary; compressional ( travel twice as fast as s ) Earthquakes generate seismic waves that provide evidence for the earth"s structure. Waves passing through a homogeneous planet would not be reflected or refracted. In a planet that becomes gradually denser, the waves would bend along evenly curved paths.
