BIOL 2457 Study Guide - Fall 2018, Comprehensive Midterm Notes - Oxygen, Glucose, Adenosine Triphosphate
BIOL 2457
MIDTERM EXAM
STUDY GUIDE
Fall 2018
Anatomy: study of the body structures of an organism and their relationship to each other.
Physiology: study of body systems in an organism and how they interact; only explicable in
terms of anatomy. 5
Order of physiological organization from smallest to largest
1. Molecular
2. Cellular
3. Tissue
4. Organ
5. System( organ systems)
6. Organism
Example of the A&P Hierarchy
1. Molecular
a. Amino acids -> Peptide -> Protein
2. Cellular
. Mitochondria -> Smooth muscle cell
3. Tissue
. Smooth muscle
4. Organ
. Artery
5. System
. Cardiovascular System
6. Organism
. Human
3 Key Concepts of A&P *************
1. Complementarity of Structure and Function
a. Function reflects the underlying structure
b. In order to understand physiology, one must understand anatomy
2. Body Organ Systems Interact with Each Other
. Most physiological processes depend on interactions between several organ systems. (
cardiovascular systems and respiratory system, hormones, etc.)
3. *It’s All About Homeostasis ( home base, where your body feels the best, it’s resting
point)
. Deviations from homeostasis can lead to significant changes in physiology
a. To understand physiology, one must study the physiological responses when
homeostasis is deviated from
All body cells are interdependent and, therefore, so are the organ systems
Vital Functions of the Human Body
1. Separation of internal/external environments (integumentary system)
2. Movement
3. Responsiveness to stimuli
4. Digestion/Absorption
5. Metabolism
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6. Excretion
7. Growth
8. Reproduction ( not actually vitial, it won’t kill you if it doesn’t happen i.e you won’t die if
you don’t reproduce)
Major Body Systems
1. Integumentary
2. Muscular
3. Reproductive
4. Endocrine
5. Digestive
6. Urinary
7. Respiratory
8. Lymphatic/Immune
9. Skeletal
10. Cardiovascular
11. Nervous
Homeostasis is a dynamic state of equilibrium and focuses on balance
1. Stimulus produces a change in variable
2. Receptor detects change
3. Input: information sent along afferent pathway to control center
4. Output: Information sent along efferent pathway to effector
5. Response of effector feeds back to reduce the effect of stimulus and returns the
variable to homeostasis
Survival needs
Nutrients
Ions
Water
Oxygen (10,000ft)
Normal body temperature
Appropriate atmospheric pressure
*Homeostasis is maintained by Negative and Positive feedback
Negative Feedback Systems the output( what the organism does) shut off the effect of or
reduces the intensity of the original stimulus
For Example… the stimulus is a very low temperature. The effect of that organism gets cold. In
effect the organism starts shivering ( the output). When shivering the body generates heat,
which doesn’t necessarily shut off the effect of the low temperature, but it reduces it’s intensity.
Overall, the organism is LESS cold.
Postive Feedback System the result or response of the organism enhances the original
stimulus so that the response is accelerated.
For Example… Uterine contractions during birth, Blood Clotting
Ventral body cavity is much larger and houses all the viscera
Dorsal body cavity protects the fragile nervous system organs
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Document Summary
Anatomy: study of the body structures of an organism and their relationship to each other. Physiology: study of body systems in an organism and how they interact; only explicable in terms of anatomy. Order of physiological organization from smallest to largest: molecular, cellular, tissue, organ, system( organ systems, organism. Example of the a&p hierarchy: molecular, amino acids -> peptide -> protein, cellular. 3 key concepts of a&p ************: complementarity of structure and function. In order to understand physiology, one must understand anatomy: body organ systems interact with each other. Most physiological processes depend on interactions between several organ systems. cardiovascular systems and respiratory system, hormones, etc. : *it"s all about homeostasis ( home base, where your body feels the best, it"s resting point) Deviations from homeostasis can lead to significant changes in physiology. To understand physiology, one must study the physiological responses when homeostasis is deviated from. All body cells are interdependent and, therefore, so are the organ systems.
