PSYCH 202 Study Guide - Final Guide: Serotonergic, Twin, Sigmund Freud
24 Jun 2018
School
Department
Course
Professor
Read:
An Unquiet Mind
Darkness Visible Kay
Jamison
Bipolar:
Talk fast
○
Pressure of speech
○
No sleep
○
Irritable
○
Moved around a lot
○
Delusions (believing something extreme), "Grandiosity"
○
Hallucinations- seeing things, hearing things, that aren't actually there
○
Psychotic features - umbrella term to put delusions and hallucinations
○
Marked impairment: getting in the way of your daily life
○
Needs to have a depressed state and a manic state
○
Hypomania: normal productive human, but are getting less sleep; doesn't affect your life
○
Bipolar I Disorder:
You have mania.
○
Marked impairment
○
•
Bipolar II Disorder:
You've never had mania, but have hypomania.
○
Major Depressive Episodes: five of 9 symptoms and have to have the symptoms for ~2
weeks
Being tired (insomnia)
§
Low energy or fatigue
§
Feelings of hopelessness
§
Poor concentration
§
Low self-esteem
§
Appetite change (low or overeating)
§
○
•
Cyclothymia:
Almost the same as bipolar II, but the depressive orders aren't heavy enough to be
diagnosed
○
2 years
○
More toned down
○
Parallel to dysthymia (2 years, but low grade; symptoms are low grade; need 2 or more
symptoms)
○
•
Differences between episodes and disorders:
Episodes are shorter, (2weeks or more) •
Disorders are longer, (2 years or more) •
Book: Darkness Visible:
Guy was diagnosed with Major Depression •
Book: Kay Jamison:
Girl was diagnosed with Manic Depressive •
Where changed the criteria:
DSM: Diagnostic Statistical Manual•
David Rosenhan went to a psychiatric hospital and checked himself in
Said he heard, "Empty, dull, thud"
○
•
Acted normal once they got inside
Talked to people, took notes, etc
○
•
Left hospital with label •
Average contact per day was 6.5 minutes •
No patient, staff contact •
Lyrics from Music Video:
Lyrics talking about delusions •
Diathesis Stress Model:
Causes of psychopathological conditions, specifically the predisposing genetic facts and how
the environment works together
•
Diathesis: predisposed factors
Genetic, genotype
○
What was going on with the patient before they were the way they are now
○
•
Stress: genetics and stress can work together to help you or hurt you •
It's never one or the other; it's both •
Genetic Predispositions:
Monozygotic and Dizygotic •
•
Effect on Mood:
Unipolar affects genetics less than bipolar
○
Biogenic Amine Theory: Serotonin and neuroempherine deficiency affects
○
•
Influences of Stress:
Major life events and increase in daily hassles increase depression
Pessimism is a risk factor
UW Madison Study
17% of those who were pessimists had increased rate of depression
®
1% of those who were optimist had depression
®
®
□
§
○
•
UBO:
Unidentified bright objects
Low water concentration
○
Correlates with bipolar
○
•
Psychoanalytic Theory:
Sigmund Freud •
Psychoanalytic Theory is unresolved unconscious conflict.
Ego is going between the Id and Ego and the Super Ego precedes.
○
Triggered by negative relationships
○
•
Treatments:
Attempt to change the unconscious
○
Free association: saying anything on your mind
○
Analysis of Transference: making the conscious unconscious
○
Dream Analysis: making the conscious unconscious
○
•
Behavioral Learning Theory:
Lack of positive reinforcement (S-O-R Model)•
Shape their behavior•
Encourage to go back into the world •
Stress reappraisal •
Encouraging nondepressed behavior •
Cognitive and Social Learning Theories:
Believe that emotions and moods are caused by cognitive processes
Cognitive Process: perception, change mood
○
•
ABCDE Model:
A: Adversity - pre-existing
○
B: Beliefs (KEY) - majority of our problems are our beliefs
○
C: Consequences
○
D: Disputation
○
E: Energization
○
•
Musterbatory Cognitive Style:
You think you have to do something or else you fail
BAD MUSTERBATION IS BAD
○
•
How does this underlie human suffering?
You make yourself miserable with the things you think and you think they have to be
true
○
•
Three main musts:
"I must do well or I'm no good." 1.
"People must treat me well." 2.
"The world must give me what I want, or else the world is a horrible place." 3.
•
Seligman's Cognitive Model:
Permanence - something beyond your control, bad events as permanent1.
Pervasiveness - bad events as pervasive/universal across situations- "I always fail. I never
succeed."
2.
Personalization - bad events as internal to person, not external - "I can never be loved,
because I'm unlovable."
3.
Medications used for Depression
Selective Serotonergic Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRI's) Mechanism: prevents 5-HT reuptake,
resulting in more NT's in the synapse, which increases the likelihood of bonding with
postsynaptic receptors (takes 3 weeks - 3 months to work)
•
Tricyclic's Mechanism: similar level of benefit to SSRI's but have more side effects •
MAO-Inhibitors: inhibit enzymatic deactivation of NE and 5-HT (stops catabolism; more NE and
5-HT)
MAO is the enzyme that breaks down neurotransmitters
○
Severe dietary restrictions and lots of side effects, but tends to be used when others
don't work
○
•
Psychotherapy:
Mechanism: helps people tease out their thoughts, helps them distant themselves from
their thoughts and feelings
Pills don't give you skills
§
○
Effectiveness: 60% efficacy in reducing acute symptoms
Shows greater efficacy in reducing relapse than medications alone long term
§
○
•
Electroconvulsive Therapy:
Mechanism: shocks the brain out of its funk
○
Effectiveness: most effective treatment for depression in short-term
80% of people 2 times a week for 3 weeks
Bad for long term, but good for short term □
§
○
•
Treatments for Bipolar
Lithium Carbonate: unique anti-manic properties with 80% positive response rate
People tend to stay on this drug for the rest of their lives
○
Makes you gain weight, dizzy, hard to take, etc
○
•
4/26/18
Thursday, April 26, 2018
4:29 PM
Read:
An Unquiet Mind
Darkness Visible Kay
Jamison
Bipolar:
Talk fast
○
Pressure of speech
○
No sleep
○
Irritable
○
Moved around a lot
○
Delusions (believing something extreme), "Grandiosity"
○
Hallucinations- seeing things, hearing things, that aren't actually there
○
Psychotic features - umbrella term to put delusions and hallucinations
○
Marked impairment: getting in the way of your daily life
○
Needs to have a depressed state and a manic state
○
Hypomania: normal productive human, but are getting less sleep; doesn't affect your life
○
Bipolar I Disorder:
You have mania.
○
Marked impairment
○
•
Bipolar II Disorder:
You've never had mania, but have hypomania.
○
Major Depressive Episodes: five of 9 symptoms and have to have the symptoms for ~2
weeks
Being tired (insomnia)
§
Low energy or fatigue
§
Feelings of hopelessness
§
Poor concentration
§
Low self-esteem
§
Appetite change (low or overeating)
§
○
•
Cyclothymia:
Almost the same as bipolar II, but the depressive orders aren't heavy enough to be
diagnosed
○
2 years
○
More toned down
○
Parallel to dysthymia (2 years, but low grade; symptoms are low grade; need 2 or more
symptoms)
○
•
Differences between episodes and disorders:
Episodes are shorter, (2weeks or more) •
Disorders are longer, (2 years or more) •
Book: Darkness Visible:
Guy was diagnosed with Major Depression •
Book: Kay Jamison:
Girl was diagnosed with Manic Depressive •
Where changed the criteria:
DSM: Diagnostic Statistical Manual•
David Rosenhan went to a psychiatric hospital and checked himself in
Said he heard, "Empty, dull, thud"
○
•
Acted normal once they got inside
Talked to people, took notes, etc
○
•
Left hospital with label •
Average contact per day was 6.5 minutes •
No patient, staff contact •
Lyrics from Music Video:
Lyrics talking about delusions •
Diathesis Stress Model:
Causes of psychopathological conditions, specifically the predisposing genetic facts and how
the environment works together
•
Diathesis: predisposed factors
Genetic, genotype
○
What was going on with the patient before they were the way they are now
○
•
Stress: genetics and stress can work together to help you or hurt you •
It's never one or the other; it's both •
Genetic Predispositions:
Monozygotic and Dizygotic •
•
Effect on Mood:
Unipolar affects genetics less than bipolar
○
Biogenic Amine Theory: Serotonin and neuroempherine deficiency affects
○
•
Influences of Stress:
Major life events and increase in daily hassles increase depression
Pessimism is a risk factor
UW Madison Study
17% of those who were pessimists had increased rate of depression
®
1% of those who were optimist had depression
®
®
□
§
○
•
UBO:
Unidentified bright objects
Low water concentration
○
Correlates with bipolar
○
•
Psychoanalytic Theory:
Sigmund Freud •
Psychoanalytic Theory is unresolved unconscious conflict.
Ego is going between the Id and Ego and the Super Ego precedes.
○
Triggered by negative relationships
○
•
Treatments:
Attempt to change the unconscious
○
Free association: saying anything on your mind
○
Analysis of Transference: making the conscious unconscious
○
Dream Analysis: making the conscious unconscious
○
•
Behavioral Learning Theory:
Lack of positive reinforcement (S-O-R Model)•
Shape their behavior•
Encourage to go back into the world •
Stress reappraisal •
Encouraging nondepressed behavior •
Cognitive and Social Learning Theories:
Believe that emotions and moods are caused by cognitive processes
Cognitive Process: perception, change mood
○
•
ABCDE Model:
A: Adversity - pre-existing
○
B: Beliefs (KEY) - majority of our problems are our beliefs
○
C: Consequences
○
D: Disputation
○
E: Energization
○
•
Musterbatory Cognitive Style:
You think you have to do something or else you fail
BAD MUSTERBATION IS BAD
○
•
How does this underlie human suffering?
You make yourself miserable with the things you think and you think they have to be
true
○
•
Three main musts:
"I must do well or I'm no good." 1.
"People must treat me well." 2.
"The world must give me what I want, or else the world is a horrible place." 3.
•
Seligman's Cognitive Model:
Permanence - something beyond your control, bad events as permanent1.
Pervasiveness - bad events as pervasive/universal across situations- "I always fail. I never
succeed."
2.
Personalization - bad events as internal to person, not external - "I can never be loved,
because I'm unlovable."
3.
Medications used for Depression
Selective Serotonergic Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRI's) Mechanism: prevents 5-HT reuptake,
resulting in more NT's in the synapse, which increases the likelihood of bonding with
postsynaptic receptors (takes 3 weeks - 3 months to work)
•
Tricyclic's Mechanism: similar level of benefit to SSRI's but have more side effects •
MAO-Inhibitors: inhibit enzymatic deactivation of NE and 5-HT (stops catabolism; more NE and
5-HT)
MAO is the enzyme that breaks down neurotransmitters
○
Severe dietary restrictions and lots of side effects, but tends to be used when others
don't work
○
•
Psychotherapy:
Mechanism: helps people tease out their thoughts, helps them distant themselves from
their thoughts and feelings
Pills don't give you skills
§
○
Effectiveness: 60% efficacy in reducing acute symptoms
Shows greater efficacy in reducing relapse than medications alone long term
§
○
•
Electroconvulsive Therapy:
Mechanism: shocks the brain out of its funk
○
Effectiveness: most effective treatment for depression in short-term
80% of people 2 times a week for 3 weeks
Bad for long term, but good for short term □
§
○
•
Treatments for Bipolar
Lithium Carbonate: unique anti-manic properties with 80% positive response rate
People tend to stay on this drug for the rest of their lives
○
Makes you gain weight, dizzy, hard to take, etc
○
•
4/26/18
Thursday, April 26, 2018
4:29 PM
Read:
An Unquiet Mind
Darkness Visible Kay
Jamison
Bipolar:
Talk fast
○
Pressure of speech
○
No sleep
○
Irritable
○
Moved around a lot
○
Delusions (believing something extreme), "Grandiosity"
○
Hallucinations- seeing things, hearing things, that aren't actually there
○
Psychotic features - umbrella term to put delusions and hallucinations
○
Marked impairment: getting in the way of your daily life
○
Needs to have a depressed state and a manic state
○
Hypomania: normal productive human, but are getting less sleep; doesn't affect your life
○
Bipolar I Disorder:
You have mania.
○
Marked impairment
○
•
Bipolar II Disorder:
You've never had mania, but have hypomania.
○
Major Depressive Episodes: five of 9 symptoms and have to have the symptoms for ~2
weeks
Being tired (insomnia)
§
Low energy or fatigue
§
Feelings of hopelessness
§
Poor concentration
§
Low self-esteem
§
Appetite change (low or overeating)
§
○
•
Cyclothymia:
Almost the same as bipolar II, but the depressive orders aren't heavy enough to be
diagnosed
○
2 years
○
More toned down
○
Parallel to dysthymia (2 years, but low grade; symptoms are low grade; need 2 or more
symptoms)
○
•
Differences between episodes and disorders:
Episodes are shorter, (2weeks or more)
•
Disorders are longer, (2 years or more)
•
Book: Darkness Visible:
Guy was diagnosed with Major Depression
•
Book: Kay Jamison:
Girl was diagnosed with Manic Depressive
•
Where changed the criteria:
DSM: Diagnostic Statistical Manual
•
David Rosenhan went to a psychiatric hospital and checked himself in
Said he heard, "Empty, dull, thud"
○
•
Acted normal once they got inside
Talked to people, took notes, etc
○
•
Left hospital with label
•
Average contact per day was 6.5 minutes
•
No patient, staff contact
•
Lyrics from Music Video:
Lyrics talking about delusions
•
Diathesis Stress Model:
Causes of psychopathological conditions, specifically the predisposing genetic facts and how
the environment works together
•
Diathesis: predisposed factors
Genetic, genotype
○
What was going on with the patient before they were the way they are now
○
•
Stress: genetics and stress can work together to help you or hurt you
•
It's never one or the other; it's both
•
Genetic Predispositions:
Monozygotic and Dizygotic
•
•
Effect on Mood:
Unipolar affects genetics less than bipolar
○
Biogenic Amine Theory: Serotonin and neuroempherine deficiency affects
○
•
Influences of Stress:
Major life events and increase in daily hassles increase depression
Pessimism is a risk factor
UW Madison Study
17% of those who were pessimists had increased rate of depression
®
1% of those who were optimist had depression
®
®
□
§
○
•
UBO:
Unidentified bright objects
Low water concentration
○
Correlates with bipolar
○
•
Psychoanalytic Theory:
Sigmund Freud •
Psychoanalytic Theory is unresolved unconscious conflict.
Ego is going between the Id and Ego and the Super Ego precedes.
○
Triggered by negative relationships
○
•
Treatments:
Attempt to change the unconscious
○
Free association: saying anything on your mind
○
Analysis of Transference: making the conscious unconscious
○
Dream Analysis: making the conscious unconscious
○
•
Behavioral Learning Theory:
Lack of positive reinforcement (S-O-R Model)•
Shape their behavior•
Encourage to go back into the world •
Stress reappraisal •
Encouraging nondepressed behavior •
Cognitive and Social Learning Theories:
Believe that emotions and moods are caused by cognitive processes
Cognitive Process: perception, change mood
○
•
ABCDE Model:
A: Adversity - pre-existing
○
B: Beliefs (KEY) - majority of our problems are our beliefs
○
C: Consequences
○
D: Disputation
○
E: Energization
○
•
Musterbatory Cognitive Style:
You think you have to do something or else you fail
BAD MUSTERBATION IS BAD
○
•
How does this underlie human suffering?
You make yourself miserable with the things you think and you think they have to be
true
○
•
Three main musts:
"I must do well or I'm no good." 1.
"People must treat me well." 2.
"The world must give me what I want, or else the world is a horrible place." 3.
•
Seligman's Cognitive Model:
Permanence - something beyond your control, bad events as permanent1.
Pervasiveness - bad events as pervasive/universal across situations- "I always fail. I never
succeed."
2.
Personalization - bad events as internal to person, not external - "I can never be loved,
because I'm unlovable."
3.
Medications used for Depression
Selective Serotonergic Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRI's) Mechanism: prevents 5-HT reuptake,
resulting in more NT's in the synapse, which increases the likelihood of bonding with
postsynaptic receptors (takes 3 weeks - 3 months to work)
•
Tricyclic's Mechanism: similar level of benefit to SSRI's but have more side effects •
MAO-Inhibitors: inhibit enzymatic deactivation of NE and 5-HT (stops catabolism; more NE and
5-HT)
MAO is the enzyme that breaks down neurotransmitters
○
Severe dietary restrictions and lots of side effects, but tends to be used when others
don't work
○
•
Psychotherapy:
Mechanism: helps people tease out their thoughts, helps them distant themselves from
their thoughts and feelings
Pills don't give you skills
§
○
Effectiveness: 60% efficacy in reducing acute symptoms
Shows greater efficacy in reducing relapse than medications alone long term
§
○
•
Electroconvulsive Therapy:
Mechanism: shocks the brain out of its funk
○
Effectiveness: most effective treatment for depression in short-term
80% of people 2 times a week for 3 weeks
Bad for long term, but good for short term □
§
○
•
Treatments for Bipolar
Lithium Carbonate: unique anti-manic properties with 80% positive response rate
People tend to stay on this drug for the rest of their lives
○
Makes you gain weight, dizzy, hard to take, etc
○
•
4/26/18
Thursday, April 26, 2018 4:29 PM
Document Summary
Hallucinations- seeing things, hearing things, that aren"t actually there. Psychotic features - umbrella term to put delusions and hallucinations. Marked impairment: getting in the way of your daily life. Needs to have a depressed state and a manic state. Hypomania: normal productive human, but are getting less sleep; doesn"t affect yo. Major depressive episodes: five of 9 symptoms and have to have the symptoms fo weeks. Almost the same as bipolar ii, but the depressive orders aren"t heavy enough to be diagnosed. Parallel to dysthymia (2 years, but low grade; symptoms are low grade; need 2 or m symptoms) t your life s for ~2 be or more. David rosenhan went to a psychiatric hospital and checked himself in. Causes of psychopathological conditions, specifically the predisposing genetic facts and h the environment works together. What was going on with the patient before they were the way they are now.
