PSYCH 202 Study Guide - Final Guide: Body Plan, Gender Identity, Jerome Kagan
24 Jun 2018
School
Department
Course
Professor
Jean Piaget
Sensory Motor (0-2 years)
Self Agent: Navigate the world through touch and motion
a.
Gender Schema: what you believe (ex. only men can be firemen)
b.
Object Permeance: realize that just because something is out of site, it doesn't mean it's not there anymore
c.
1.
Preoperational Stage (2-7 years)
Very egocentric
Don't know how to take the viewpoint of other people
i.
a.
Learn how to use language represented by objects and images
Can classify objects (ex. This is red, this is a square, they can understand one feature of an object)
i.
b.
Can't understand the law of conservation (ex. Water with the two glasses)
c.
2.
Concreate Operation (7-12)
Can think at a higher level, they can think more logically
a.
Conservation of quantity
Volume, mass, conservation of number
Water with two glasses
1)
M&M's in two rows, one longer and spread out and the other isn't
2)
i.
b.
Classify objects
Instead of saying, "It's blue!" they say, "It's a blue chair!"
i.
c.
3.
Formal Operational (12+)
Cognitive attributes
Logically thinking
i.
Planning
ii.
Anything in your frontal cortex happens in this stage
iii.
a.
4.
What's Piaget's Models' theory's weakness? Ages aren't exact, people fluctuate between stages, and not everyone goes to the formal
operational stage.
Researcher named Renee did a lot of studies with object permeance in children.
Water bottle with car
○
•
Assimilation: putting new information into our old information/schema
•
Accommodation: creating a new schema
Kid thinks all four legged animals are dogs so when it sees a cow and it doesn't fit, they create a new one
-
•
Schema: process where we put information
•
Kohlberg -moral
Pre-Conventional
You look at your behavior based on the consequences of it a.
1.
Conventional
Based on society's views and expectations a.
Right or wrong; moral reasoning process b.
2.
Post-Conventional
What you think is right or wrong
"Stealing is wrong, but a man steals medicine for his sick wife cause they can't afford it." i.
a.
3.
Eric Erickson - identity in humans
Infancy (0-2)
Trust vs. Mistrust
Babies will let anyone hold them but toddlers will not i.
a.
1.
Toddler (2-3)
Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt
Children start transitioning into egocentric thinking
They become more autonomist (want to do their own thing), but know what they do will have consequences, so they try
to balance things.
1)
Learn right from wrong2)
i.
a.
2.
Pre-school stage (4-6)
Initiative vs. Guilt
Kid takes initiative, but feel guilty for iti.
Kids don't take initiative, but feel guilty for it ii.
a.
3.
Childhood phase (7-12)
Industry vs. Inferiority
Trying to figure out the kind of people you want to associate yourself withi.
Figuring out how to be a friend ii.
Kids start making their own decisions iii.
a.
4.
Adolescence (13-19)
Identity vs. Role Confusion
Finding your place in societyi.
Gender identity, political beliefs, etc. ii.
a.
5.
Young Adulthood (20-29)
Intimacy vs. Isolation
In terms of relationships, if you prefer to hang out in large groups of people or if you prefer to hang alonei.
Relationship with signification others becomes more important ii.
a.
6.
Middle Adulthood (30-59)
Generativity vs. Stagnation
Living your life as it's going to be i.
Career, marriage, etcii.
Contribution to society or doing nothing?iii.
a.
7.
Old Age (60+)
Ego-integrity vs. Despair
Reflecting back on the glory days i.
"Did I make a difference?" ii.
a.
8.
Prenatal Stages
Germinal (10 days to 2 weeks)
Sperm meets egga.
Zygote attaches to uterus wallb.
1.
Embryonic (3-8 weeks)
Parts of the body forma.
Organs begin to functionb.
Testosterone is secreted in males
Slight inhibition in left brain development i.
c.
2.
Fetal (2 months to birth)
Teratogens
Radiation
Glial cells stop short of the address
Happens during migration stage a)
Caused deformitiesb)
1)
i.
Alcohol
Glial cells go past their address 1)
ii.
a.
Iii. Migration is associated with high levels of mental retardation
Stages studied:
Proliferation (0-7 weeks) - neurons start growing rapidly i)
Migration (8-15 weeks) - if eradicated with alcohol or radiation, growth will be affected; glial cells direct
neurons to their final address
ii)
Differentiation -iii)
Continued Differentiation iv)
a)
Fetus grow stronger and organs develop b.
3.
Postnatal Stages
Rooting Reflex: light touch on cheek stimulates the need for babies to suckle1.
Grasping Reflex: strong ability of babies to grasp your finger
May be a survival mechanism evolutionarily, when babies grasped onto their mothers a.
2.
Temperament
Precursors to Personality
Almost entirely genetic a.
Psychologists think of temperament as "genotypic" b.
Temperament is seen in the behavioral and emotional styles which can be recognized in very early developmentc.
1.
Attachment Style
As you get older, the interaction between genes and the environment change your temperament and instead, your tempreament
turns into attachment style
a.
2.
Harlow's Monkey Experiments: Comfort vs. Nutrition
Monkey went to mother who gave comfort.
"When you're scared, you're not going to go to the kitchen for a glass of milk." a.
1.
Jerome Kagan: Child Temperament
Robbie: average child, average kicking and average calmness1.
Jordan: lots of kicking and crying (fear of new situation), he will probably be shy2.
Katrina: calm, no tension, interested, she will probably be outgoing 3.
Negative emotions are associated with the right hemisphere
Shy infants tend to have more right hemisphere activity a.
4.
Mary Ainsworth's Strange Situation Test
Attachment Styles
Secure:
60-70% of the populationi.
Explore after introduction to new settingii.
Show distress upon separation, but settle quicklyiii.
Show pleasure and seek contact upon reunion iv.
a.
Insecure:
Cling to mom after introduction to new settingi.
Cry upon separation and are difficult to "soothe" or settleii.
Show anger or indifference upon reunion iii.
Don't explore; very upset with the parent that leftiv.
b.
Avoidant:
No obvious distress outside of ignoring i.
c.
Anxious-Ambivalent:
Extremely clingyi.
Elicits and rejects caring contact ii.
d.
Disorganized:
Inconsistent behavior i.
Sometimes happy, sometimes angry upon reunion ii.
Smile and exhibit fear-avoidance iii.
e.
1.
Maternal Care Behavior (MCB)
Environment affects temperament but temperament also affects nurture a.
2.
High quality mothers have infants with:
Greater left pre-frontal hemispheric activationa.
Less infant fearfulnessb.
Greater willingness to engage with others with positive joint attention to an interactional taskc.
Less negative d.
3.
Low quality mothers created the following in their infants
Low frontal EEG asymmetry
○
High infant fearful response
○
Low positive joint attention
○
High infant negative affect
○
•
High quality mothers created the following in their infants
High frontal EEG symmetry
○
Low infant fearful response
○
High positive joint attention
○
Low infants negative affect
○
•
Pale Gray Fabric
"The behavior of every human being can be likened to a pale grey fabric: lack with biological threats, white with experience. But these
threads are so thin and so intricately woven together that you can never see any black threads nor any white ones."
Black = biology, genes, genotype, nature
○
White = experience, environment, nurture
○
Grey = woven together = phenotype, what we see, behavior, which is composed of nature + nurture (genes + experience)
○
•
Richie Davidson's Cerebral Lateralization
Cerebral Lateralization: differences in cerebral lateralization indicate differences in affective style, or personality
People differ in their styles of response to emotional stimulation and challenge
○
Readiness to experiment positive and negative emotions is directly affected as a result
○
Person with more cerebral activation in pre-frontal left regions are more happy, more content, experience more joy,
curiosity, and other positive emotions
○
Persons with more cerebral activation in pre-frontal right regions are more unhappy, more depressed, more anxious,
more discontent, more neurotic
○
•
Affective Style
Affective style: dispositional readiness/willingness to experience positive and negative emotions
"individual difference" variable
○
Left active persons are happier, more joyful, curious, interested
○
Right active persons are unhappier, more likely to be depressed, anxious, irritable
"a generalized failure of inhibitory control over negative affective arousal and experience"
§
Difficulty in turning off negative feelings and letting go
§
Larger decreases in natural killer cells that respond to stress
§
High plasma cortisol levels
§
Deficits in reducing negative affect once it rises
§
○
•
4/19/18
Thursday, April 19, 2018
4:36 PM
Jean Piaget
Sensory Motor (0-2 years)
Self Agent: Navigate the world through touch and motion
a.
Gender Schema: what you believe (ex. only men can be firemen)
b.
Object Permeance: realize that just because something is out of site, it doesn't mean it's not there anymore
c.
1.
Preoperational Stage (2-7 years)
Very egocentric
Don't know how to take the viewpoint of other people
i.
a.
Learn how to use language represented by objects and images
Can classify objects (ex. This is red, this is a square, they can understand one feature of an object)
i.
b.
Can't understand the law of conservation (ex. Water with the two glasses)
c.
2.
Concreate Operation (7-12)
Can think at a higher level, they can think more logically
a.
Conservation of quantity
Volume, mass, conservation of number
Water with two glasses
1)
M&M's in two rows, one longer and spread out and the other isn't
2)
i.
b.
Classify objects
Instead of saying, "It's blue!" they say, "It's a blue chair!"
i.
c.
3.
Formal Operational (12+)
Cognitive attributes
Logically thinking
i.
Planning
ii.
Anything in your frontal cortex happens in this stage
iii.
a.
4.
What's Piaget's Models' theory's weakness? Ages aren't exact, people fluctuate between stages, and not everyone goes to the formal
operational stage.
Researcher named Renee did a lot of studies with object permeance in children.
Water bottle with car
○
•
Assimilation: putting new information into our old information/schema
•
Accommodation: creating a new schema
Kid thinks all four legged animals are dogs so when it sees a cow and it doesn't fit, they create a new one
-
•
Schema: process where we put information
•
Kohlberg -moral
Pre-Conventional
You look at your behavior based on the consequences of it a.
1.
Conventional
Based on society's views and expectations a.
Right or wrong; moral reasoning process b.
2.
Post-Conventional
What you think is right or wrong
"Stealing is wrong, but a man steals medicine for his sick wife cause they can't afford it." i.
a.
3.
Eric Erickson - identity in humans
Infancy (0-2)
Trust vs. Mistrust
Babies will let anyone hold them but toddlers will not i.
a.
1.
Toddler (2-3)
Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt
Children start transitioning into egocentric thinking
They become more autonomist (want to do their own thing), but know what they do will have consequences, so they try
to balance things.
1)
Learn right from wrong2)
i.
a.
2.
Pre-school stage (4-6)
Initiative vs. Guilt
Kid takes initiative, but feel guilty for iti.
Kids don't take initiative, but feel guilty for it ii.
a.
3.
Childhood phase (7-12)
Industry vs. Inferiority
Trying to figure out the kind of people you want to associate yourself withi.
Figuring out how to be a friend ii.
Kids start making their own decisions iii.
a.
4.
Adolescence (13-19)
Identity vs. Role Confusion
Finding your place in societyi.
Gender identity, political beliefs, etc. ii.
a.
5.
Young Adulthood (20-29)
Intimacy vs. Isolation
In terms of relationships, if you prefer to hang out in large groups of people or if you prefer to hang alonei.
Relationship with signification others becomes more important ii.
a.
6.
Middle Adulthood (30-59)
Generativity vs. Stagnation
Living your life as it's going to be i.
Career, marriage, etcii.
Contribution to society or doing nothing?iii.
a.
7.
Old Age (60+)
Ego-integrity vs. Despair
Reflecting back on the glory days i.
"Did I make a difference?" ii.
a.
8.
Prenatal Stages
Germinal (10 days to 2 weeks)
Sperm meets egga.
Zygote attaches to uterus wallb.
1.
Embryonic (3-8 weeks)
Parts of the body forma.
Organs begin to functionb.
Testosterone is secreted in males
Slight inhibition in left brain development i.
c.
2.
Fetal (2 months to birth)
Teratogens
Radiation
Glial cells stop short of the address
Happens during migration stage a)
Caused deformitiesb)
1)
i.
Alcohol
Glial cells go past their address 1)
ii.
a.
Iii. Migration is associated with high levels of mental retardation
Stages studied:
Proliferation (0-7 weeks) - neurons start growing rapidly i)
Migration (8-15 weeks) - if eradicated with alcohol or radiation, growth will be affected; glial cells direct
neurons to their final address
ii)
Differentiation -iii)
Continued Differentiation iv)
a)
Fetus grow stronger and organs develop b.
3.
Postnatal Stages
Rooting Reflex: light touch on cheek stimulates the need for babies to suckle1.
Grasping Reflex: strong ability of babies to grasp your finger
May be a survival mechanism evolutionarily, when babies grasped onto their mothers a.
2.
Temperament
Precursors to Personality
Almost entirely genetic a.
Psychologists think of temperament as "genotypic" b.
Temperament is seen in the behavioral and emotional styles which can be recognized in very early developmentc.
1.
Attachment Style
As you get older, the interaction between genes and the environment change your temperament and instead, your tempreament
turns into attachment style
a.
2.
Harlow's Monkey Experiments: Comfort vs. Nutrition
Monkey went to mother who gave comfort.
"When you're scared, you're not going to go to the kitchen for a glass of milk." a.
1.
Jerome Kagan: Child Temperament
Robbie: average child, average kicking and average calmness1.
Jordan: lots of kicking and crying (fear of new situation), he will probably be shy2.
Katrina: calm, no tension, interested, she will probably be outgoing 3.
Negative emotions are associated with the right hemisphere
Shy infants tend to have more right hemisphere activity a.
4.
Mary Ainsworth's Strange Situation Test
Attachment Styles
Secure:
60-70% of the populationi.
Explore after introduction to new settingii.
Show distress upon separation, but settle quicklyiii.
Show pleasure and seek contact upon reunion iv.
a.
Insecure:
Cling to mom after introduction to new settingi.
Cry upon separation and are difficult to "soothe" or settleii.
Show anger or indifference upon reunion iii.
Don't explore; very upset with the parent that leftiv.
b.
Avoidant:
No obvious distress outside of ignoring i.
c.
Anxious-Ambivalent:
Extremely clingyi.
Elicits and rejects caring contact ii.
d.
Disorganized:
Inconsistent behavior i.
Sometimes happy, sometimes angry upon reunion ii.
Smile and exhibit fear-avoidance iii.
e.
1.
Maternal Care Behavior (MCB)
Environment affects temperament but temperament also affects nurture a.
2.
High quality mothers have infants with:
Greater left pre-frontal hemispheric activationa.
Less infant fearfulnessb.
Greater willingness to engage with others with positive joint attention to an interactional taskc.
Less negative d.
3.
Low quality mothers created the following in their infants
Low frontal EEG asymmetry
○
High infant fearful response
○
Low positive joint attention
○
High infant negative affect
○
•
High quality mothers created the following in their infants
High frontal EEG symmetry
○
Low infant fearful response
○
High positive joint attention
○
Low infants negative affect
○
•
Pale Gray Fabric
"The behavior of every human being can be likened to a pale grey fabric: lack with biological threats, white with experience. But these
threads are so thin and so intricately woven together that you can never see any black threads nor any white ones."
Black = biology, genes, genotype, nature
○
White = experience, environment, nurture
○
Grey = woven together = phenotype, what we see, behavior, which is composed of nature + nurture (genes + experience)
○
•
Richie Davidson's Cerebral Lateralization
Cerebral Lateralization: differences in cerebral lateralization indicate differences in affective style, or personality
People differ in their styles of response to emotional stimulation and challenge
○
Readiness to experiment positive and negative emotions is directly affected as a result
○
Person with more cerebral activation in pre-frontal left regions are more happy, more content, experience more joy,
curiosity, and other positive emotions
○
Persons with more cerebral activation in pre-frontal right regions are more unhappy, more depressed, more anxious,
more discontent, more neurotic
○
•
Affective Style
Affective style: dispositional readiness/willingness to experience positive and negative emotions
"individual difference" variable
○
Left active persons are happier, more joyful, curious, interested
○
Right active persons are unhappier, more likely to be depressed, anxious, irritable
"a generalized failure of inhibitory control over negative affective arousal and experience"
§
Difficulty in turning off negative feelings and letting go
§
Larger decreases in natural killer cells that respond to stress
§
High plasma cortisol levels
§
Deficits in reducing negative affect once it rises
§
○
•
4/19/18
Thursday, April 19, 2018
4:36 PM
Jean Piaget
Sensory Motor (0-2 years)
Self Agent: Navigate the world through touch and motiona.
Gender Schema: what you believe (ex. only men can be firemen) b.
Object Permeance: realize that just because something is out of site, it doesn't mean it's not there anymore c.
1.
Preoperational Stage (2-7 years)
Very egocentric
Don't know how to take the viewpoint of other peoplei.
a.
Learn how to use language represented by objects and images
Can classify objects (ex. This is red, this is a square, they can understand one feature of an object) i.
b.
Can't understand the law of conservation (ex. Water with the two glasses) c.
2.
Concreate Operation (7-12)
Can think at a higher level, they can think more logically a.
Conservation of quantity
Volume, mass, conservation of number
Water with two glasses 1)
M&M's in two rows, one longer and spread out and the other isn't 2)
i.
b.
Classify objects
Instead of saying, "It's blue!" they say, "It's a blue chair!" i.
c.
3.
Formal Operational (12+)
Cognitive attributes
Logically thinkingi.
Planningii.
Anything in your frontal cortex happens in this stageiii.
a.
4.
What's Piaget's Models' theory's weakness? Ages aren't exact, people fluctuate between stages, and not everyone goes to the formal
operational stage.
Researcher named Renee did a lot of studies with object permeance in children.
Water bottle with car
○
•
Assimilation: putting new information into our old information/schema•
Accommodation: creating a new schema
Kid thinks all four legged animals are dogs so when it sees a cow and it doesn't fit, they create a new one
-
•
Schema: process where we put information •
Kohlberg -moral
Pre-Conventional
You look at your behavior based on the consequences of it
a.
1.
Conventional
Based on society's views and expectations
a.
Right or wrong; moral reasoning process
b.
2.
Post-Conventional
What you think is right or wrong
"Stealing is wrong, but a man steals medicine for his sick wife cause they can't afford it."
i.
a.
3.
Eric Erickson - identity in humans
Infancy (0-2)
Trust vs. Mistrust
Babies will let anyone hold them but toddlers will not
i.
a.
1.
Toddler (2-3)
Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt
Children start transitioning into egocentric thinking
They become more autonomist (want to do their own thing), but know what they do will have consequences, so they try
to balance things.
1)
Learn right from wrong
2)
i.
a.
2.
Pre-school stage (4-6)
Initiative vs. Guilt
Kid takes initiative, but feel guilty for it
i.
Kids don't take initiative, but feel guilty for it
ii.
a.
3.
Childhood phase (7-12)
Industry vs. Inferiority
Trying to figure out the kind of people you want to associate yourself with
i.
Figuring out how to be a friend
ii.
Kids start making their own decisions
iii.
a.
4.
Adolescence (13-19)
Identity vs. Role Confusion
Finding your place in society
i.
Gender identity, political beliefs, etc.
ii.
a.
5.
Young Adulthood (20-29)
Intimacy vs. Isolation
In terms of relationships, if you prefer to hang out in large groups of people or if you prefer to hang alone
i.
Relationship with signification others becomes more important
ii.
a.
6.
Middle Adulthood (30-59)
Generativity vs. Stagnation
Living your life as it's going to be i.
Career, marriage, etcii.
Contribution to society or doing nothing?iii.
a.
7.
Old Age (60+)
Ego-integrity vs. Despair
Reflecting back on the glory days i.
"Did I make a difference?" ii.
a.
8.
Prenatal Stages
Germinal (10 days to 2 weeks)
Sperm meets egga.
Zygote attaches to uterus wallb.
1.
Embryonic (3-8 weeks)
Parts of the body forma.
Organs begin to functionb.
Testosterone is secreted in males
Slight inhibition in left brain development i.
c.
2.
Fetal (2 months to birth)
Teratogens
Radiation
Glial cells stop short of the address
Happens during migration stage a)
Caused deformitiesb)
1)
i.
Alcohol
Glial cells go past their address 1)
ii.
a.
Iii. Migration is associated with high levels of mental retardation
Stages studied:
Proliferation (0-7 weeks) - neurons start growing rapidly i)
Migration (8-15 weeks) - if eradicated with alcohol or radiation, growth will be affected; glial cells direct
neurons to their final address
ii)
Differentiation -iii)
Continued Differentiation iv)
a)
Fetus grow stronger and organs develop b.
3.
Postnatal Stages
Rooting Reflex: light touch on cheek stimulates the need for babies to suckle1.
Grasping Reflex: strong ability of babies to grasp your finger
May be a survival mechanism evolutionarily, when babies grasped onto their mothers a.
2.
Temperament
Precursors to Personality
Almost entirely genetic a.
Psychologists think of temperament as "genotypic" b.
Temperament is seen in the behavioral and emotional styles which can be recognized in very early developmentc.
1.
Attachment Style
As you get older, the interaction between genes and the environment change your temperament and instead, your tempreament
turns into attachment style
a.
2.
Harlow's Monkey Experiments: Comfort vs. Nutrition
Monkey went to mother who gave comfort.
"When you're scared, you're not going to go to the kitchen for a glass of milk." a.
1.
Jerome Kagan: Child Temperament
Robbie: average child, average kicking and average calmness1.
Jordan: lots of kicking and crying (fear of new situation), he will probably be shy2.
Katrina: calm, no tension, interested, she will probably be outgoing 3.
Negative emotions are associated with the right hemisphere
Shy infants tend to have more right hemisphere activity a.
4.
Mary Ainsworth's Strange Situation Test
Attachment Styles
Secure:
60-70% of the populationi.
Explore after introduction to new settingii.
Show distress upon separation, but settle quicklyiii.
Show pleasure and seek contact upon reunion iv.
a.
Insecure:
Cling to mom after introduction to new settingi.
Cry upon separation and are difficult to "soothe" or settleii.
Show anger or indifference upon reunion iii.
Don't explore; very upset with the parent that leftiv.
b.
Avoidant:
No obvious distress outside of ignoring i.
c.
Anxious-Ambivalent:
Extremely clingyi.
Elicits and rejects caring contact ii.
d.
Disorganized:
Inconsistent behavior i.
Sometimes happy, sometimes angry upon reunion ii.
Smile and exhibit fear-avoidance iii.
e.
1.
Maternal Care Behavior (MCB)
Environment affects temperament but temperament also affects nurture a.
2.
High quality mothers have infants with:
Greater left pre-frontal hemispheric activationa.
Less infant fearfulnessb.
Greater willingness to engage with others with positive joint attention to an interactional taskc.
Less negative d.
3.
Low quality mothers created the following in their infants
Low frontal EEG asymmetry
○
High infant fearful response
○
Low positive joint attention
○
High infant negative affect
○
•
High quality mothers created the following in their infants
High frontal EEG symmetry
○
Low infant fearful response
○
High positive joint attention
○
Low infants negative affect
○
•
Pale Gray Fabric
"The behavior of every human being can be likened to a pale grey fabric: lack with biological threats, white with experience. But these
threads are so thin and so intricately woven together that you can never see any black threads nor any white ones."
Black = biology, genes, genotype, nature
○
White = experience, environment, nurture
○
Grey = woven together = phenotype, what we see, behavior, which is composed of nature + nurture (genes + experience)
○
•
Richie Davidson's Cerebral Lateralization
Cerebral Lateralization: differences in cerebral lateralization indicate differences in affective style, or personality
People differ in their styles of response to emotional stimulation and challenge
○
Readiness to experiment positive and negative emotions is directly affected as a result
○
Person with more cerebral activation in pre-frontal left regions are more happy, more content, experience more joy,
curiosity, and other positive emotions
○
Persons with more cerebral activation in pre-frontal right regions are more unhappy, more depressed, more anxious,
more discontent, more neurotic
○
•
Affective Style
Affective style: dispositional readiness/willingness to experience positive and negative emotions
"individual difference" variable
○
Left active persons are happier, more joyful, curious, interested
○
Right active persons are unhappier, more likely to be depressed, anxious, irritable
"a generalized failure of inhibitory control over negative affective arousal and experience"
§
Difficulty in turning off negative feelings and letting go
§
Larger decreases in natural killer cells that respond to stress
§
High plasma cortisol levels
§
Deficits in reducing negative affect once it rises
§
○
•
4/19/18
Thursday, April 19, 2018 4:36 PM
