EES-1030 Study Guide - Spring 2018, Comprehensive Midterm Notes - Upwelling, Gravity, Atlantic Ocean
12 Oct 2018
School
Department
Course
Professor
EES-1030
MIDTERM EXAM
STUDY GUIDE
Fall 2018
Toby Irenshtain
EES_1030
Professor Neil Kelley
Exam #1 Study Guide
Vocabulary
1. Big Bang
a. Small percentage of all static is from the Big Bang
b. Antennas were originally extremely large, but it took in more static than information - static
was acknowledged as the echo of the big bang - birth of the very universe itself
2. Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation
a. Penzias and Wilson
b. Electromagnetic radiation left over from an early stage of the universe in Big Bang
cosmology
c. A giant satellite
d. Gave credence to the notion that the universe had a fixed beginning
3. Doppler Effect/Redshift
a. Compression of sound waves as something travels towards you and the extension as it
travels away - same thing happens with light
i. The Doppler effect is the change in frequency or wavelength of a wave for an
observer who is moving relative to the wave source.
b. No matter where you look in the universe, almost every other body in the Universe is shifted
in the red
i. Galaxies that we are looking at in the universe are all traveling apart from us
ii. If they are all pulling apart, they must have been together at one point (big bang)
iii. Basically the doppler effect for light
4. Nucleosynthesis
a. The early universe contained only the lightest 4 elements
i. Nucleosynthesis - the cosmic formation of atoms more complex than the hydrogen
atom
ii. Nucleosynthesis created heavier elements
iii. Lower weight elements such as carbon, oxygen, and others are a by-product of
fusion reaction in medium-sized stars, such as our Sun (mainly proton-proton fusion
and about 10 million degrees)
iv. Heavier elements up to iron and nickel are a by-product of fusion reactions in larger
stars (5 or 10x larger then our Sun and mainly via a fusion of carbon, nitrogen, and
oxygen)
v. Supernovas create the heaviest elements
5. The 'Goldilocks' Zone
a. Our sun is in the “Goldilocks” Zone
b. Further away it would be too cold, closer it would be too hot
6. Nebular Hypothesis/Planetary Accretion
a. Presume that the solar system formed from a cloud of gas. This is known as planetary
accretion through the nebular hypothesis
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
i. As the matter in a cloud started to coalesce and formed a sun, the leftovers started
to clump themselves up into discrete objects and collect as planets through the
forces of gravity. Water, largely as ice, was a big component of this process
1. Sun not a primary product of the big bang, but a future generation star
because of gravity clumping things together - some of it didn't pull itself
together and was left over which started to get spun around the sun, but
within the cloud there are also interactions of the material that clump
together under their own gravitational influence - eventually instead of
having a cloud of gas and dust, you have discrete globs of planets and
leftovers like comets
ii. Ice is basically everywhere in the solar system
iii. Water Vapor is harder to find - tendency to want to escape. Some water vapor in the
atmosphere of most gas giants.
iv. Signature of Water Vapor was found on the sun
b. Raw materials from the solar system are formed from exploded stars, so their contents spew
their contents into the universe
i. Nebula - cloud of dust and gas in space
7. Differentiation (density stratification)
a. As earth coalesced from a cloud of dust, material started to differentiate itself based on
density
i. Layered structure of the planet is a byproduct of this
b. Once earth became a ball of hot liquid rock, the elements were able to segregate according
to their densities in a process called density stratification which occurs because of
gravitational separation - iron and nickel are in the core and rocky material formed
concentric spheres around the core
8. Crust (Continental and Oceanic)
a. Crust - thin, solid, mostly light elements (aluminum, silicon, oxygen)
i. Continental - 22 miles average thickness, density of 2.7, granite
ii. Oceanic - 5 miles average thickness, density of 3, basalt
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
Document Summary
Basically the doppler effect for light: nucleosynthesis, the early universe contained only the lightest 4 elements, nucleosynthesis - the cosmic formation of atoms more complex than the hydrogen atom, nucleosynthesis created heavier elements. Ice is basically everywhere in the solar system: water vapor is harder to find - tendency to want to escape. Continental - 22 miles average thickness, density of 2. 7, granite: oceanic - 5 miles average thickness, density of 3, basalt. Energy source for volcanism is linked to mantle processes - get a sense for interior process. Fills the atmosphere with water, carbon and sulfur dioxide: second atmosphere was most likely expelled from inside earth by outgassing. During the period of density stratification, the lowest-density material contained within earth was composed of various gases. Ie. telescopes: fact/hypothesis/model, hypothesis - a testable statement, prediction of explanation. Ex: model - simplified or abstract representation of a natural system or phenomenon.
