PHIS 206 Study Guide - Spring 2018, Comprehensive Midterm Notes - Protein, Homeostasis, Capillary
12 Oct 2018
School
Department
Course
Professor
PHIS 206
MIDTERM EXAM
STUDY GUIDE
Fall 2018
Lecture 1: Introduction
What is Physiology?
• Physiology is the study of function
o This is contrasted with human anatomy “lesser science”, which is the study of
form. However, physiology is forever intertwined with anatomy.
• Biology - study of living things (study of life)
• Physiology - study of things being alive
o Study of what stops happening when you die
Basics of Physiology
• Experimental, not observational
o Experimentation is necessary to explain what was observed
• Many disciplines, but all revert to cell physiology
• Complexity arises as cells interact and function with nearby (and distant) cells
Complexity
• Levels of Complexity
o Chemical → a molecule in the membrane that encloses a cell
o Cellular → a cell in the stomach lining
o Tissue → layers of tissue in the stomach wall
o Organ → the stomach
o Body (Organ) System → the digestive system
o Organism → the whole body
Tissues → Organs
• Tissues are groups of different types of cells performing a specialized task
o Organ - body structure that integrates different tissues and carries out a specific
function (for example: stomach)
▪ Muscle tissue → movement
▪ Nervous tissue → communication, coordination, control
▪ Epithelial tissue (covers) → protection, secretion, absorption
▪ Connective tissue (binds everything together) → structural support
• Organs are made up of blends of tissue types
Systems
• Circulatory system - heart, blood vessels, blood
• Digestive system - mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine,
salivary glands, exocrine pancreas, liver, gallbladder
• Respiratory system - nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs
• Urinary system - kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra
• Skeletal system - bones, cartilage, joints
• Muscular system (just takes/use energy we produce) - skeletal muscles
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• Integumentary system - skin, hair, nails
• Immune system - lymph nodes, thymus, bone marrow, tonsils, adenoids, spleen,
appendix, white blood cells, gut-associated lymphoid tissue, skin-associated lymphoid
tissue
• Nervous system - brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves, special sense organs
• Endocrine system - all hormone-secreting tissues, including hypothalamus, pituitary,
thyroid, adrenals, endocrine pancreas, gonads, kidneys, pineal, thymus, parathyroids,
intestine, heart, skin, adipose tissue
• Reproductive system - MALE: testes, penis, prostate gland, seminal vesicles,
bulbourethral glands, associated ducts. FEMALE: ovaries, oviducts, uterus, vagina,
breasts
World of the Cell
• Cells of the body in contact with a controlled environment
• ICF: Intracellular Fluid (contained within cells)
• ECF: Extracellular Fluid (fluid outside of cells)
• ECF has two components:
o Interstitial Fluid (ISF): Bathes cells directly
o Plasma: circulates fuel and wastes to restore composition of ISF
Homeostasis
• Cells can survive and thrive only when the ECF is compatible with their survival
• The chemical composition and physical state of this environment must be maintained
within tight, specific limits
• Maintenance of this EFC makes demands upon the entire organism
• This is the process of homeostasis
• Cells exist in its own environment, but cannot change its environment. However, the cells
maintain what's inside it
What It’s All About
• To be alive, conditions must be maintained
• To maintain these conditions, organism must interact with the environment
• However, interacting with the environment (life) endangers the conditions
Feedback
• To maintain homeostasis, the system must
o Detect a problem and transmit the information (sensor)
o Make sense of this information and combine it with other data (integrator)
o Make adjustments (via and effector) that restore the original conditions
(compensatory response)
• And, ideally, restoring the conditions should stop this process (“negative feedback”)
• Something is wrong → detected by sensor → informs integrator → integrator sends
instructions to effectors → effectors bring about compensatory response → results in
solution
• Negative feedback → as change is happening there is less to fix (less to do). This is why
it is negative feedback. ---> there is eventually nothing to do (until cycle starts over)
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