NURS2003 Chapter Notes - Chapter 7: Intellectual Disability, Reinforcement, Robert Sternberg
CHAPTER 7 – SETTINGS FOR DEVELOPMENT: HOME AND SCHOOL
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The composition of 2-parent families varies dramatically, from the never-divorced
2-parent family to different types of blended families
Most single-parent families are headed by women and boys and girls growing up
in these families are often poor
There are dramatic variations by ethnicity and immigrant status, too
Children, however, can thrive in any kind of family, depending on the care
parents provide
Parenting style: in Diana Baumrind’s framework, how parents align on two
dimensions of child-rearing: nurturance (or child-centredness) and discipline (or
structure and rules)
Authoritative parents: in the parenting-styles framework, the best possible child-
rearing style, in which parents rank high on both nurturance and discipline,
providing both love and clear family rules
Authoritarian parents: in the parenting-styles framework, a type of child-rearing in
which parents provide plenty of rules but rank low on child-centredness, stressing
unquestioning obedience
Permissive parents: in the parenting-styles framework, a type of child-rearing in
which parents provide few rules but rank high on child-centredness, being
extremely loving but providing little discipline
Rejecting-neglecting parents: in the parent-styles framework, the worst child-
rearing approach, in which the parents provide little discipline and little nurturing
or love
Although middle-class Western parents who provide clear rules and are highly
child-centred tend to raise the most well-adjusted children, we need to look
beyond this framework
Parents should provide consistent discipline
They do more than just provide rules and love
Parenting practices differ by culture
Difficult environments demand a stricter, more authoritarian child-rearing
approach
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Resilient children: children who rebound from serious early life traumas to
construct successful adult lives
Tend to have an adaptable temperament; other talents; one close, secure
attachment and to not be faced with an overload of life blows
There may be a specific gene form that promotes resilience in the face of
stress
Behavioural-genetic researchers argue that children’s biologically based
temperament shapes parenting
Judith Harris believes that peer groups (and the wider society) – not parents –
are the main socialisers in children’s lives
Acculturation: among immigrants, the tendency to become more similar in terms
of attitudes and practices to the mainstream culture after time spent living in a
new society
Related statistics support Harris’s theory
High-quality parenting can matter greatly when children are biologically and
socially “at risk”
Parents need to be flexible, tailoring their child-rearing to their environment
and to their children’s needs
They should relax and enjoy these fleeting years
Corporal punishment: the use of physical force to discipline a child
Attitudes about corporal punishment have changed dramatically, with many
developed countries now outlawing spanking
Although physical punishment is not the preferred discipline, many parents
still use it and is strongly endorsed by certain groups
Experts disagree as to whether corporal punishment can be appropriate, but
we do know that spanking is detrimental with “at-risk” children, that it is not
appropriate to hit a baby and that positive reinforcement is preferable to
punishment of any kind
Child maltreatment: any act that seriously endangers a child’s physical and
emotional well-being
The behaviours that constitute child maltreatment – physical abuse, neglect,
emotional abuse and sexual abuse – can sometimes be hard to classify and
their prevalence is unclear
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Document Summary
Chapter 7 settings for development: home and school. The composition of 2-parent families varies dramatically, from the never-divorced. 2-parent family to different types of blended families. Most single-parent families are headed by women and boys and girls growing up in these families are often poor. There are dramatic variations by ethnicity and immigrant status, too. Children, however, can thrive in any kind of family, depending on the care parents provide. Parenting style: in diana baumrind"s framework, how parents align on two dimensions of child-rearing: nurturance (or child-centredness) and discipline (or structure and rules) Authoritative parents: in the parenting-styles framework, the best possible child- rearing style, in which parents rank high on both nurturance and discipline, providing both love and clear family rules. Authoritarian parents: in the parenting-styles framework, a type of child-rearing in which parents provide plenty of rules but rank low on child-centredness, stressing unquestioning obedience.
