PSY1011 Chapter Notes - Chapter 5: Paul Ekman, Display Rules, Amygdala
4 May 2018
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SECTION#2 – Emotions
1. An emotion is a feeling, such as fear, joy, or surprise, that underlies behavior.
• Roert Pluthik’s irular lassifiatio syste for eotios eopasses eight
basic emotions, but not all cultures categorize emotions this way.
o Some lack a word for emotion; others describe feelings as physical
sensations.
• Cross-cultural research by Paul Ekman argues for the universality of at least six
emotions:
o Happiness
o Surprise
o Sadness
o Fear
o Disgust
o Anger
o Note: Many psychologists add love to this list.
2. The James–Lange theory states that stimuli cause physiological changes in our bodies,
and emotions result from those physiological changes.
3. The Cannon–Bard theory states that the experience of emotion occurs simultaneously
with biological changes.
4. The cognitive theory states that eotioal experiece depeds o oe’s perceptio or
judgment of a situation.
• This theory purports that without cognition we would have no idea how to label
our feelings.
• Not everyone agrees with this view, however, because emotions sometimes
seem to arise too quickly to depend on mental evaluations.
o Counter to the cognitive view, C. E. Izard argues that certain inborn facial
expressions and body postures are automatically triggered in emotion-
arousing situations and are the read y the rai as partiular
feelings.
5. Display rules are culture-specific rules that govern how, when, and why expressions of
emotion are appropriate.
• People express emotions verbally through words, tone of voice, exclamations,
and other sounds. Facial expressions are the most obvious nonverbal indicators
of emotion.
o Regardless of a perso’s ultural akgroud, the faial expressions
associated with certain basic emotions appear to be universal. This
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Document Summary
Facial expressions are the most obvious nonverbal indicators of emotion: regardless of a perso(cid:374)"s (cid:272)ultural (cid:271)a(cid:272)kgrou(cid:374)d, the fa(cid:272)ial expressions associated with certain basic emotions appear to be universal. This finding contradicts the culture-learning view, which suggests facial expressions of emotion are learned within a particular culture: the amygdala and insula play an important role in our ability to correctly interpret facial expressions. Ro(cid:271)ert plut(cid:272)hik"s (cid:272)ir(cid:272)ular (cid:272)lassifi(cid:272)atio(cid:374) syste(cid:373) for emotions encompasses emotions: 4, 6, 8, 10 basic. Ro(cid:271)ert plut(cid:272)hik"s (cid:272)ir(cid:272)ular (cid:272)lassifi(cid:272)atio(cid:374) syste(cid:373) for e(cid:373)otio(cid:374)s e(cid:374)(cid:272)o(cid:373)passes eight (cid:271)asi(cid:272) e(cid:373)otio(cid:374)s, but not all cultures categorize emotions this way. Women are generally better than (cid:373)e(cid:374) at readi(cid:374)g other people"s e(cid:373)otio(cid:374)s. Wo(cid:373)e(cid:374) are ge(cid:374)erally (cid:271)etter tha(cid:374) (cid:373)e(cid:374) at readi(cid:374)g other people"s e(cid:373)otio(cid:374)s: de(cid:272)odi(cid:374)g fa(cid:272)ial expressions, body cues, and tones of voice. This skill may be sharpened by their role as caretakers of infants and their traditional subordinate status to men.
