LQB185 Chapter Notes - Chapter 18: Exocrine Gland, Pineal Gland, Extracellular Fluid

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Chapter 18- Endocrine System

18.1 Comparison of Control by the Nervous and Endocrine System

➢ Like the nervous system (nervous system has nerve impulses that trigger

a release of a mediatory called neurotransmitter) the endocrine system

also control body activates by releasing mediators called hormones.

➢ Hormone- molecule that is released into the body via interstitial fluid

then bloodstream.

➢ The endocrine system keeps levels of consciousness and cognition +

protection and regulation.

18.2 Endocrine Glands

➢ Exocrine Glands- (outside) secrete products into ducts into outer surface

of body and contain sweat, oil and mucous.

➢ Endocrine Glands- (inside) secrete products into the interstitial fluid

surrounding cells.

➢ Endocrine Glands include:

➢ Pituitary

➢ Thyroid

➢ Parathyroid

➢ Adrenal

➢ Pineal Glands

➢ All the endocrine glands + hormone-secreting cells make up the

Endocrine System.

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18.3 Hormone Activity

➢ Hormones influence their targeted cells by chemically binding with

specific protein receptors

➢ Only targeted cells for a specific hormone can bind and recognise it. (e.g.

thyroid-stimulating hormone binds with cells of the thyroid gland)

➢ Down-regulation- Target cells have 2000-100000 receptors, if the

hormone is present in excess, the number of target cell receptors

decreases. THUS, the cell becomes less sensitive to a hormone

➢ Up-regulation- if the hormone is deficient, the number of target cell

receptors increases. THUS, target cell is more sensitive.

➢ Circulating Hormones- pass from the secretory cell that made them into

interstitial fluid and then the bloody stream.

➢ Local Hormones- act locally on neighbouring cells or on the same cell

that made them.

➢ Paracrine (beside or near)

- hormones that act on neighbouring cells

➢ Autocrine (self)

- hormones that act on the same cell that secreted them

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➢ Classification of Hormones

➢ Lipid-Soluble Hormones

1. Steroid Hormones- derided from cholesterol. All are unique

given the presents of different chemical groups for various

sites.

2. Two Thyroid Hormones (T3 + T4)- are synthesised by

attaching iodine to the amino acid tyrosine. Them together

makes the molecule very lipid-soluble.

3. Gas Nitric Oxide (NO)- is a hormone and a

neurotransmitter.

➢ Water-Soluble Hormones

1. Amine Hormones- synthesised by decarboxylating

(removing a molecule of CO2) and modifying certain amino

acids.

2. Peptide Hormones/Protein Hormones- are amino acid

polymers. Contain chains of amino acids.

3. Eicosanoid Hormones- derived from arachidonids. Two

types Prostaglandins (PGs) and Leukotrienes (LTs).

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Document Summary

18. 1 comparison of control by the nervous and endocrine system. Like the nervous system (nervous system has nerve impulses that trigger a release of a mediatory called neurotransmitter) the endocrine system also control body activates by releasing mediators called hormones. Hormone- molecule that is released into the body via interstitial fluid then bloodstream. The endocrine system keeps levels of consciousness and cognition + protection and regulation. Exocrine glands- (outside) secrete products into ducts into outer surface of body and contain sweat, oil and mucous. Endocrine glands- (inside) secrete products into the interstitial fluid surrounding cells. All the endocrine glands + hormone-secreting cells make up the. Hormones influence their targeted cells by chemically binding with specific protein receptors. Only targeted cells for a specific hormone can bind and recognise it. (e. g. thyroid-stimulating hormone binds with cells of the thyroid gland) Down-regulation- target cells have 2000-100000 receptors, if the hormone is present in excess, the number of target cell receptors decreases.

Related Questions

1. Kidneys help to maintain a proper balance of _________ within the body.

Phosphorous

Chloride

Potassium

Calcium Phosphate

ions

All of the above

2. The nervous system has how many major categories?

3. Which major category of the nervous system contains both the Somatic and the Autonomic divisions?

Central Nervous System

Peripheral Nervous System

Neither of these

Both of these

4. Which organ or structure helps to control the master endocrine gland (pituitary gland)?

The pancreas

The thorax

Peyerâs patches

The hypothalamus

6. This tiny gland is located at the base of the brain and produces the hormone melanin.

Parathyroid

Pituitary

Hypothalamus

Pineal

7. These glands are situated right above the kidneys. The hormones produced by these glands help us to cope with stress.

Thyroid

Parathyroid

Hypothalamus

Adrenals

8. The hormones necessary for the production of sperm are produced in the __________.

Kidneys

Testes

Ovaries

None of the above

9. The bloodstream assists the endocrine organs and structures by:

Removing hormones from the body

Delivering hormones to target cells

Delivering hormones to secretory cells

The bloodstream does not come into contact with endocrine structures or organs
10. The pancreas _____________.

Is a master gland that controls many other glands

Produces progesterone and oestrogen

Is a salivary gland

Regulates blood sugar, aid in digestion

11. The basic function of the endocrine system is ________ in nature.

Digestive

Reproductive

Hormonal

Proximal

13. Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are experienced by many people during their lifetimes. Urinary tract infections can involve any bacterial infection of the urinary system structures; the kidneys, bladder, ureters, or urethra. They are caused by bacteria entering the body through the urethra and traveling upward into the body. Symptoms can range from mild discomfort when urinating to extreme pain and the loss of blood during urination. They occur more frequently in women than men, and are often treated by antibiotics in addition to home remedies, such as drinking more water and drinking cranberry juice.

Based on what you have learned about the cause of urinary tract infections, which of the following precautions would help to prevent reoccurring infections?

Taking pain medication when symptoms occur

Placing a hot pack on the abdomen when symptoms occur

Practicing good hygiene Exercising regularly

14. The nervous system is divided into two major divisions: the Central Nervous System and the Peripheral Nervous System. Those divisions have structures that can be classified as belonging to two different subdivisions: the Somatic and the Autonomic systems. The nervous system can be summarized as a complex system of interconnected nerves and special cells called neurons that are used to transmit information (by means of small electrical impulses). Use the information in the table below to help answer questions about the nervous system. Division Organs & Structures Functions Central Nervous System (CNS) Brain Spinal Cord Nerves This is the bodyâs assessment and communication center. It analyzes the information received from the sensory neurons and responds. Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) Sensory Neurons Ganglia (clusters of neurons) Nerves that connect to one another and to the CNS The sensory neurons react to physical stimuli such as light, sound, heat, and pressure, and transmit that information to the CNS. Subdivisions Description Examples Somatic The Somatic system is comprised of nerves that connect the brain and spinal cord to the muscles of the body and sensory receptors in the skin. Reactions to physical stimuli like heat or light. Using your hand to touch Eating food Autonomic The Autonomic system largely involuntary. This system controls the unconscious functions of the body. Breathing Blood Pressure

Feeling overwhelmed or startled by exposure to very loud noises is likely a reaction to information collected by which subdivision of the nervous system:

Somatic

Autonomic

No answer text provided.

15. The thyroid gland is perhaps the most well-known member of the pancreatic system. Many adults are screened for thyroid problems during routine physical exams. This butterfly shaped gland is found at the base of the neck and releases hormones that affect the bodyâs metabolism (the way the body uses energy). The thyroidâs two main hormones are T3 and T4, and they affect many body functions, including: â¢ Breathing â¢ Heart rate â¢ Central and peripheral nervous systems â¢ Body weight â¢ Muscle strength â¢ Menstrual cycles â¢ Body temperature â¢ Cholesterol levels Two common disorders associated with the thyroid include hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism. Some of the symptoms associated with these disorders are listed in the table below. Hyperthyroidism (Too many hormones released) Hypothyroidism (Too few hormones released) Anxiety Irritability or moodiness Nervousness, hyperactivity Sweating or sensitivity to high temperatures Hand trembling (shaking) Hair loss Missed or light menstrual periods Trouble sleeping Tiredness and fatigue Difficulty concentrating Dry skin and hair Depression Sensitivity to cold temperature Frequent, heavy periods Joint and muscle pain A patient complains of arthritis-like pain in the joints of her hands, but tests for arthritis come back negative. The doctor then suggests a thyroid function test. The doctor is most likely concerned about:

High levels of T3 and T4 hormones in the body

Low levels of T3 and T4 hormones in the body

No answer text provided.

No answer text provided

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LQB185 Chapter Notes - Chapter 18: Exocrine Gland, Pineal Gland, Extracellular Fluid

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