CRIM1010 Chapter Notes - Chapter 10,11,12: Blue-Collar Worker, Price Fixing, Cruelty To Animals
30 Jun 2018
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White, R and Perrone, S (2015) Crime, Criminality and Criminal Justice, Oxford University
Press.
Chapter 10 Crimes Against The Person
Introduction
The most widely feared criminal offences are those associated with violence such as
murder, rape, assault and robbery. Readily sensationalized by the media, these crimes
are presented as a potential threat to all and as increasing.
Criminal violence of these kinds it not only lethal or serious form of violence - violence is
also linked to state interventions, allowing phenomena such as torture
Radical Perspectives Street Violence and Violent Crime
Homicide: the unlawful killing, attempted killing or conspiracy to kill another person
(murder and manslaughter)
Acts intended to cause injury: acts of force, injury or violence or threat of such, which
are intended to cause injury.
Sexual assault: physical and intended physical contact of a sexual nature directed
toward another person who has not consented, or has consented as a result of
intimidation or deception or whose consent is proscribed (e.g. incest, rape).
Kidnapping, abduction and false imprisonment: the unlawful taking away or
confinement of a person against their will
Robbery: the unlawful taking of someone’s property by the use of threat or violence -
can also be aggravated if a weapon is used
Blackmail and extortion: unlawful demand for money, property, or intended to cause
impairment to another person.
Weatherburn - it is important to acknowledge that, like all acts or omissions punishable
by laws. The definition of violence constitutes a continuum from less serious or harmful
to the more serious
Violent Crime
Assault is by far the most frequently experienced form of violent victimization in
Australia and has been consistently so over time. males comprised 75% of all offenders
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processed for acts intended to cause injury as a principle offence. 85% of all offenders
processed for murder and 95% of all offenders processed for sexual assault. Offending
rates are highest among the young, especially the 15-19 age.
The exception to this pattern is homicide, where the highest rate of offending is within
20-24 year age category. The median ages for violent acts against the person are
significantly higher than those for property crime.
Victimization males are assaulted at higher rates than female for all age categories
except the 15-24 age group.
Sexual assault victimization shares many of the same general characteristics as assault.
Robbery: the unlawful taking of property, with intent to permanently deprive the
owner of the property.
Trends over time
Official records provide quite a lot of information about how often, when and where
serious crimes such as homicide, assault and robbery take place.
Homicide rates are virtually static, in the sense that there is little real variation from
year to year.
Similarly, the rate of kidnapping/abduction victimization has never been higher than
four per 100, 000 populations over the same timeframe.
Such as assault and sexual assault, are more likely to fluctuate and to increase or
decrease according to reporting trends and fluctuations.
Robbery seemed to peak in 2001 and has since then generally declined, although armed
robberies increased by 4% in 2012.
Types of public violence
Youth Gangs
Although studies of gang development, composition and organisational infrastructure
reveal that they don’t arise out of malicious intentions, but rather form out of a complex
tapestry of subcultural, ideological and economic motivations that mainly revolve
around security and survival - youth gangs are almost by definition implicated in
violence
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Riots
Describe a situation in which large numbers of people seem to spontaneously engaged
in frenzied unlawful, antisocial and violent behaviour that is highly emotional, and
sometimes undirected, but often involves protest against alleged police violence. In
some cases, riots are purposeful, in that they had specific meaning for the participants,
and reflected longstanding antagonisms that found their expression in anti - authority
resistance.
Mobs
Mobs happen spontaneously and grow out of the crowd dynamics
Gatecrashers
Uninvited individuals or groups of individuals that attend a private event. Two kinds of
violence have been noticed. The first involves fights between partygoers. The second
involves fights against the police, where the battle with the cops can become the
objective of the gatecrashing participants.
The presence of a large number of people in one place can shape group behaviour,
depending upon the purpose of the crowd formation. Mob mentality describes the
situation in which the crowd dictates general behaviour over and beyond the individual
Violence and drinking patterns
A major shaping effect on social environments and the nature of interpersonal relations
within these is that of alcohol and other forms of drugs.
Research has found a strong and positive association between frequency of patronage
at licensed premises and the likelihood of violent victimization. The propensity for
assaultive violence also tends to cluster in areas with dense distributions of alcohol
Violence around licensed premises is also associated with frustrations arising from
queuing outside nightclubs, and associated patron perceptions of discriminatory and
delayed processes of entry.
More drinking tends to lead to more violence. There are clear variations between
different drinking cultures in the fraction of violence attributable to drinking.
The social context of collective drinking means that antisocial behaviour is a built in
features of a top night out for young men.
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Document Summary
White, r and perrone, s (2015) crime, criminality and criminal justice, oxford university. The most widely feared criminal offences are those associated with violence such as murder, rape, assault and robbery. Readily sensationalized by the media, these crimes are presented as a potential threat to all and as increasing. Criminal violence of these kinds it not only lethal or serious form of violence - violence is also linked to state interventions, allowing phenomena such as torture. Homicide: the unlawful killing, attempted killing or conspiracy to kill another person (murder and manslaughter) Acts intended to cause injury: acts of force, injury or violence or threat of such, which are intended to cause injury. Sexual assault: physical and intended physical contact of a sexual nature directed toward another person who has not consented, or has consented as a result of intimidation or deception or whose consent is proscribed (e. g. incest, rape).
