CRJS 1013 Chapter Notes - Chapter 2: Social Inequality, Legal Aid, Restorative Justice

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purplelion737

8 Sep 2016

School

Mount Royal University

Department

Criminal Justice

Course

CRJS 1013

Professor

Harpreet Aulakh

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Document Summary

Justice is seen in laws, fairness or punishment, revenge and restitution. Some look to the criminal justice system in our society as the source of justice, while others see justice as a product of all aspects of our lives. Justice is a process or the means to an end, where others see it as an outcome or an end itself. Natural law is not subject to continuous change or true in some cultures and not in others. We discover the universal norms of human conduct through human reasoning human made laws (also called positive laws) were just only if they conform to the higher natural law. Aristotle believed that societies should be ruled by philosopher kings because they comprehend natural law due to their skill at human reasoning. Horrors of the nazi holocaust accelerated the concern for some universal ethical and moral code for nations. We reason between what is acceptable and what is unacceptable.

Related Questions

There are sometimes conflicts within the same code, between the code and the __________ and between the code and a counselor's value system.

		Judgment
		Ethics
		Law
		Value

2 points

Question 2

Section A of the ACA Code of Ethics highlights important issues within the __________________________________.

		Privacy Act
		Confidentiality Act
		Professional's Responsibility
		Counseling relationship

2 points

Question 3

______________________ in a code sometimes lag behind the values of society and of professional associations.

		Laws
		Attitudes
		Values
		Beliefs

2 points

Question 4

Which section was added to the latest edition of the ACA Code of Ethics (2014)?

		Resolving Ethical Issues
		Advocacy and Social Justice
		Distance Counseling, Technology, and Social Media
		Research and Publication

2 points

Question 5

Which of the following is not one of the ethical "hot spots" identified in this chapter?

		Gatekeeping
		Social and Cultural Issues
		Informed Consent
		Technology

2 points

Question 6

Which of the following is not a type of ethical decision-making model discussed in the text?

		Problem-solving model
		Advocacy model
		Social constructivist model
		Developmental model

2 points

Question 7

_______________ has to do with protecting the independences, self-determination and freedom of choice for client.

		Nonmaleficence
		Beneficence
		Justice
		Autonomy

2 points

Question 8

People who have this view of the world, see things in black and white, are very concrete, rigid, and authoritarian.

		Dualistic
		Modern
		Post-modern
		Flexible

2 points

Question 9

Which section of the ACA Ethical Code (2014) offers guidelines on how to report an ethical violation?

		Section B
		Section I
		Section E
		Section A

2 points

Question 10

.__________ is the responsibility under the law for a violation of federal or state criminal statute.

		Beneficence
		Nonmaleficence
		Civil liability
		Criminal liability

2 points

Question 11

To prove that they are following the best practices of their professions, counselors should:

		Know relevant laws
		Maintain good records
		Stay professional with clients
		All of the above.

2 points

Question 12

______________ is the most rigorous form of credentialing.

		Accreditation
		Licensure
		Certification
		Registration

2 points

Question 13

Theories help counselors and other helping professionals in the following way(s):

		conceptualizing clients' problems
		necessary to become a licensed psychotherapist
		offer specific techniques to apply
		both a and c

2 points

Question 14

What is a paradigm shift?

		A change like a universe.
		A change in the way information is perceived.
		A change in theory.
		A change in human nature.

2 points

Question 15

Do psychodynamic theories consider which of the following to be important in understanding a person's functioning?

		Child-rearing practices
		The unconscious and conscious
		Examining the past
		All of the above

2 points

Question 16

Sigmund Freud was trained as a:

		Physician
		Counselor
		Caseworker
		Social worker

2 points

Question 17

Freud believed that there are ____________ structures that make up personality.

		1
		2
		3
		4

2 points

Question 18

Freud, and later his daughter Anna Freud, identified a number of _______________ that help people to cope with anxiety.

		Defense skills
		Coping mechanisms
		Coping skills
		Defense mechanisms

2 points

Question 19

___________ believed that each of us has a unique psychological type which includes the attitudes of extraversion and introversion.

		Freud
		Rogers
		Jung
		Cattell

2 points

Question 20

_______________________ believed that every child was born with innate and unique capabilities and is inherently moving toard the future, not determined by the past.

		Adler
		Freud
		Rogers
		Jung

2 points

Question 21

Existential-humanistic approaches embrace a phenomenological perspective, stressing all but which of the following?

		The subjective reality of the client
		the role of the unconscious
		How the counselor uses his or her personal qualities in counseling
		the importance of consciousness and/or awareness

2 points

Question 22

Although Ludwig Binswanger is generally acknowledged as being the first existential therapist, who is seen as the person who popularized this approach through "logotherapy"?

		Irvin Yalom
		Carl Rogers
		Alfred Adler
		Viktor Frankl

2 points

Question 23

____________________ developed client-centered therapy.

		Carl Jung
		Viktor Frankl
		Carl Rogers
		Ludwig Binswanger

2 points

Question 24

Today, most Gestalt therapists believe that from birth, the individual is in a constant state of ______________ through a process of need identification and need-fulfillment.

		Self-regulation
		Self-actualization
		Existential crisis
		Emotional distress

2 points

Question 25

This therapy was developed by Albert Ellis during the 1950s.

		Psychodynamic therapy
		Behavioral therapy
		Cognitive therapy
		Rational emotive therapy

coralsnail276

100 word answer needed from the question and artile below.

Question:

Explain whether, and if so how, you would expect laws that prohibit the buying and selling of organs to affect the overall wellbeing of society.

Article: "Should there be a market in organs?"

Some years ago, a Boston newspaper reported the story of Susan Stephens, a woman whose son needed a kidney transplant. When the doctor learned that the mother's kidney was not compatible, he proposed a novel solution: If Stephens donated one of her kidneys to a stranger, her son would move to the top of the kidney waiting list. The mother accepted the deal and soon two patients had the transplant they were waiting for.

The ingenuity of the doctor's proposal and the nobility of the mother's act cannot be doubted. But the story raises many intriguing questions. If the mother could trade a kidney, would the hospital allow her to trade a kidney for an expensive, experimental cancer treatment that she could not afford otherwise? Should she be allowed to exchange her kidney for free tuition for her son at the hospital's mediacal school? Should she be able to sell her kidney so she can use the cash to trade in her old Toyota for a new Lexus?

In many countries, including Australia, it is illegal for a person to sell their organs. In essence, in the market for organs the government has imposed a price ceiling of zero. The result, as with any binding price ceiling, is the shortage of the good. The deal in the Stephens case did not fall under this prohibition because no cash exchanged hands.

Some countries, however, have illicit markets in organs. The World Health Organizations estimates that 10% of all organ transplants, including arount 15 000 kidneys each year, involve a patient from a rich country buying an illegal organ from a citizen of a poorer nation. The temptation to the world's poorest people to sell their 'spare' organs in high. A kidney can sell for around $1500 or more in the illegal trade. This may not sounds like much to you or me. But it can be many years income to a person living in dire poverty.

Some economists believe that there would be large benefits to allowing a free market in organs. People are born with two kidneys but they usually need only one. Meanwhile, a few people suffer from illnesses that leave them wiithout any working kidneys. Despite the obvious gains from trade, the current situation is dire. In Ausralia, the average wait for a kidney transplant is 3.8 years and there are up to 50 deaths a year from people on the waiting list because a kidney cannot be found. In Europe, on average, 12 people die each day waiting for an organ transplant. If those needing a kidney were allowed to buy one from those who have two, the price would rise to balance supply and demand. Sellers would be better off with the extra cash in their pockets. Buyers would be better off with the rgan they need to save their lives. The shortage of kidneys would disappear.

Such a market would lear to an efficient allocation of resources, but critics of this plan worry about fairness. A market for organs, they argue, would benefit the rich at the expense of the oor, because organs would then be allocated to those most willing and able to pay. But you can also question the fairness of the current system.Now, most of us walk around with an etra organ that we don't really need, while some of our fellow citizens are dying to get one. Is that fair?

CRJS 1013 Chapter Notes - Chapter 2: Social Inequality, Legal Aid, Restorative Justice

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