BIOL 1051H Chapter Notes - Chapter 7: Adipose Tissue, Central Canal, Osteoclast

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14 May 2018

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Bone Tissue

Bone tissue is a specialized type of connective tissue that includes calcium, phosphorus,

and other minerals in the ground substance resulting in a very hard tissue. Bone is one of many

tissues found in the skeletal system. Other tissues found in the skeleton are blood, adipose

tissue, bone marrow, nervous tissue, cartilage, and fibrous connective tissue. This system

includes bone, cartilage, and ligaments. Cartilage is the embryonic forerunner of most bones

and covers many joint surfaces, ligaments hold bone to bone at joints, and tendons are much

like ligaments only they attach muscles to bone. The skeletal system obviously has the role of

providing support for the rest of the body, but it has many other important functions as well. The

addition of the muscular system provides the basis for movement. Some areas of the skeleton

are especially important for protecting vulnerable underlying organs such as the skull and rib

cage. The red bone marrow is the site of blood formation. Calcium and phosphorus are stored

as bone. The interplay of these chemicals moving from a solid form (bone) to the dissolved

liquid form in blood helps with electrolyte balance and in maintaining acid - base balance in the

body. The bone can also serve as a site of toxin deposition and can help detoxify the body by

removing these chemicals from general circulation.

Bone tissue involves many cell types such as osteogenic cells (stem cells), osteoblasts

(bone forming cells), osteocytes (bone cells), and osteoclasts (bone dissolving cells). All of

these cells work together to produce and maintain healthy bone tissue. The osteoclasts and

osteoblasts are also intimately involved in maintaining normal calcium blood levels by either

depositing calcium in bone or reabsorbing calcium into the blood. The diagram below shows

these different cells in action. Please note that as the osteocytes produce the bone matrix, they

actually become trapped in the tissue! These cells receive the nutrients and gases they need via

the lacunae. When bone is reabsorbed by osteoclasts they work from the outside of the bone in.

They breakdown the matrix and destroy osteocytes that are in their way. It seems really

destructive, but the constant interplay between bone deposition and reassertion keeps the bone

healthy. It is also important in healing of injuries such as fractures in they will continue to

remodel and be better at dealing with forces that result from weight and movement. It can take

years for fractures to finish this remodeling phase, and often the resulting bone does not show

any signs of having ever been broken.

Bone itself can be found as compact bone or spongy bone. Compact bone is organized

into a haversian or osteonic canal system. Layers of bone matrix are concentrically arranged

around a central canal. The central canal contains blood vessels and nerves that traverse the

bony tissue. An osteon (the haversian system) contains a central canal and the layers of

concentric lamellae that wrap around it. Compact bone is a dense white tissue that acts as an

outer shell. Here it is shown as part of a long bone but it is also found in intramembranous

bones as well. Compact bone comprises about ¾ of the skeleton.

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Document Summary

Bone tissue is a specialized type of connective tissue that includes calcium, phosphorus, and other minerals in the ground substance resulting in a very hard tissue. Bone is one of many tissues found in the skeletal system. Other tissues found in the skeleton are blood, adipose tissue, bone marrow, nervous tissue, cartilage, and fibrous connective tissue. Cartilage is the embryonic forerunner of most bones and covers many joint surfaces, ligaments hold bone to bone at joints, and tendons are much like ligaments only they attach muscles to bone. The skeletal system obviously has the role of providing support for the rest of the body, but it has many other important functions as well. The addition of the muscular system provides the basis for movement. Some areas of the skeleton are especially important for protecting vulnerable underlying organs such as the skull and rib cage. The red bone marrow is the site of blood formation.

Related Questions

[email protected]

Tue 9/19/2017 4:17 PM

To:

[email protected];

Here is the exam review for our next major lecture exam which will be on Monday. Notice that there are a few things missing, such as endochondral ossification. These will be added so just because it does not show up on this exam review doesn't mean you shouldn't study it. That being said, the details of each and every bone which I've gone over in lecture will be on the lab practical rather than the written lecture exam.

Anat 1, Exam 2. Spr 2016 LASC Name:____________________________________________________

1) A synarthrosis: a) is filled with synovial fluid. b) allow for a wide range of movement. c) includes the squamosal suture. d) is exemplified by the shoulder. e) all of the above.

2) Bursae: a) are located in the right atrium. b) are like elastomeric shock absorbers. c) are found in skeletal muscle fibers. d) form the sarcoplasmic reticulum. e) none of the above.

3) Irregular bones: a) can act like cams. b) can provide sites for muscle attachment. c) can protect soft-tissue organs. d) can act as levers. e) all of the above.

4) Condyles: a) are smooth articular surfaces. b) allow blood vessels to enter the bones. c) occur beneath the nail body after an injury. d) are produced by infected sebaceous glands. e) none of the above.

5) A head: a) is where you will find hyaline cartilage. b) is a smooth articular surface. c) is where a bone meshes with another bone. d) all of the above. e) none of the above.

6) Which of the following is the proper sequence of things following a bone fracture: a) hematoma, fibrous callus, bony callus, remodeling. b) hematoma, bony callus, fibrous callus, remodeling. c) hematoma, remodeling, fibrous callus, bony callus. d) hematoma, remodeling, bony callus, fibrous callus. e) fibrous callus, bony callus, remodeling, hematoma.

7) A diaphysis: a) contains yellow bone marrow. b) contain a lot of spongy bone tissue. c) occurs at the ends of long bones. d) all of the above. e) none of the above.

8) Short bones: a) protect underlying soft tissue organs. b) include the ribs. c) include the cranial bones of the skull. d) transfer mechanical forces. e) all of the above.

9) Fibrous joints: a) contain cruciate ligaments. b) include the pubic symphysis. c) are typically found in third class levering systems. d) include the lambdoid suture. e) all of the above.

10) Which of the following doesnât belong? a) tibiofibular joint. b) dentino-alveolar joint.
c) intervertebral disc. d) radioulnar articulation. e) cartilage.

11) Which of the following doesnât belong? a) atlanto-occipital joint. b) humero-ulnar joint. c) frontal suture d) acromio-humeral joint. e) tibiotarsal joint.

12) Hyaluronic acid: a) forms the extracellular matrix. b) is found in fibrous joints. c) keeps cartilage soft and pliable. d) is found in synostoses. e) none of the above.

13) First class levers: a) include the tibio-tarsal joint. b) have the effort between the fulcrum and the load. c) are like a teeter-totter. d) all of the above. e) none of the above.

14) Synchondroses: a) are typically synovial joints. b) allow for very limited movement. c) include sutures and gomphoses. d) are encased in synovial capsules. e) none of the above.

15) Parallel muscles: a) have long excursions. b) include the abdominal muscles. c) have excellent endurance. d) have low strength. e) all of the above.

16) Sphincteral muscles: a) enclose openings or passageways. b) are used when you talk.
c) surround the eyes. d) include the orbicularis oculi. e) all of the above.

17) Pennate muscle architecture: a) is typified by the pectoralis major. b) have high endurance.
c) generates high strength. d) has a longer excursion. e) all of the above

18) Endomysium: a) consists of dense fibrous connective tissue. b) surrounds each fasciculus.
c) surrounds bundles of muscle cells. d) all of the above. e) none of the above.

19) Cartilage: a) heals quickly if it is damaged. b) forms the lining of blood vessels. c) is found on the articular surfaces of bones. d) is a type of epithelial tissue. e) none of the above.

20) A tuberosity: a) is a hollow opening. b) is a shallow smooth articular surface. c) is a raised area that adjoins a condyle. d) is a larger outwardly curved articular surface. e) is a raised, rough-textured area.

21) Which of these doesnât belong? a) tuberosity b) trochanter c) condyle d) tubercle e) lunula

22) Epimysium: a) wraps around the entire muscle. b) is made of dense fibrous connective tissue. c) is continuous with tendons. d) all of the above. e) none of the above.

23) Which of the following is more likely to be an insertion rather than an origin? a) ulna.
b) cervical vertebra. c) thoracic vertebra. d) rib. e) Ischium.

24) Which of the following is more likely to be an origin rather than an insertion? a) clavicle.
b) tibia. c) radius. d) ulna. e) metatarsal.

25) Myofibrils: a) are composed of many muscle fibers. b) are composed of many muscle cells.
c) are composed of many sarcomeres. d) form the endomysium. e) all of the above.

26) Myosin: a) helps keep muscle cells from overstretching. b) is a protein. c) joins thin filaments together. d) forms part of the z-disc. e) all of the above.

27) Sarcolemma: a) surrounds the entire muscle organ. b) surrounds the endomysium.
c) is the cell membrane of a muscle fiber. d) surrounds the epimysium. e) none of the above.

28) Thin filaments: a) are made of titin. b) are pulled on by the thick filaments during contraction.
c) create the molecular âpower-strokeâ. d) all of the above. e) none of the above.

29) A second class lever: a) is like a wheel barrow. b) is like a teeter-totter. c) describes the humeroulnar joint. d) describes the atlanto-occipital joint. e) none of the above.

30) A sarcomere: a) is the basic unit of muscle function. b) is made mostly of proteins. c) shortens during a contraction. d) delivers an âall or noneâ response. e) all of the above.

31) Fast glycolytic fibers: a) have excellent endurance. b) deliver lots of power.
c) are more reddish in color than oxidative fibers. d) none of the above. e) all of the above.

32) Which of the following doesnât belong? a) Vastus lateralus. b) Vastus intermedius. c) Vastus medialis. d) Rectus Femoris. e) Gluteus minimus.

33) Which of the following doesnât belong? a) Teres major. b) Teres minor. c) subscapularis.
d) infraspinatus. e) supraspinatus.

34) Tendon sheaths: a) are filled with synovial fluid. b) can be likened to brake and shifter cable sheathing on a bike. c) are found around the carpal bones. d) really make life unpleasant if they get inflamed. e) all of the above.

35) Epithelial tissues: a) function in movement. b) conduct electrical impulses. c) form a structure for attachment of other organs. d) form barriers and walls. e) all of the above.

36) Elastic connective tissue: a) is found in bone. b) lines the inside of the trachea. c)Is found in small blood vessels like capillaries. d) is found in large arteries. e) all of the above.

37) Cartilage: a) heals quickly if it is damaged. b) forms the lining of blood vessels. c) is found on the articular surfaces of bones. d) is a type of epithelial tissue. e) none of the above.

38) Dense regular connective tissue: a) is poorly vascularized. b) heals slowly if at all. c) forms tendons and ligaments. d) can look a lot like smooth muscle under the microscope. e) all of the above.

39) Transitional epithelium: a) lines the urinary bladder. b) lines the blood vessels. c) contains cilia. d) joins the epidermis to the dermis. e) none of the above.

40) Skeletal muscle: a) responds to conscious thought. b) is found in the heart. c) is found in the walls of blood vessels and the GI tract. d) is composed of very small cells. e) all of the above.

For the following matching questions, each choice is used only once.

41) Fibroblast a) maintains bone tissue
42) Mast Cell b) secretes mucus
43) Chondrocyte c) responsible for inflammation response
44) Osteocyte d) makes collagen fibers
45) Goblet Cell e) maintains cartilage

For the following true-false questions, mark âAâ for true and âBâ for false.

46) Simple cuboidal epithelium is lines the trachea and Fallopian tubes/oviducts.
47) Elastic cartilage joins the ribs to the sternum.
48) An insertion is the more movable point of muscle attachment.
49) Tendons connect muscle to muscle or bone to bone.
50) Ligaments connect muscle to bone.
51) Transverse tubules allow nutrients to be dispersed throughout very large muscle cells.
52) Muscle twitch occurs when only a few muscle cells in the entire muscle are fully contracted.
53) Slow oxidative fibers have poor strength but excellent endurance.
54) Muscles can lengthen under their own power as well as contract.
55) Pottâs fracture is typical of skateboarders.
56) An incomplete fracture is a complete break through the entire bone.
57) Tetanus is the recruitment of additional fibers during muscle contraction.
58) Menisci are like elastomeric shock absorbers.
59) Diarthrotic joints allow for little to no movement.
60) A belly is the contractile portion of a muscle.
61) Synergistic muscles work with each other.
62) Muscle tissue, like your lab instructorâs evil twin before his morning coffee, is irritable.

redbutterfly464

1. Consider the following eight statements about vertebrae. Which four of the following eight statements are TRUE? Choose all four correct answers.

(a) In Actinopterygii, Chondrichthyes, and some Amphibia (and one unusual taxon of Lepidosauria), the vertebrae have centra which surround the notochord.

(b) Some vertebrae have processes such as spines that function as sites for muscle attachment.

(d) In tetrapods, the vertebrae have processes called zygapophyses that function as specialized sites for articulation with the ribs.

(e) Vertebrae arise from sclerotome epimere mesoderm.

(f) All extant vertebrate taxa have vertebrae.

(g) Some vertebrae have hemal arches which protect blood vessels (such as the dorsal aorta).

(h) Vertebrae have neural arches which protect the notochord.

2. While walking through the halls of the Biosciences building, you find a single vertebra lying on the floor. You notice that it does not have zygapophyses. It has an amphicoelous centrum, and it has both a neural arch and a hemal arch. This vertebra is completely ossified. Identify to which vertebrate taxon this vertebra belongs, and to which region of the vertebral column.

(a) caudal region - Petromyzontida

(b) thoracic region - Aves

(d) trunk region - Actinopterygii

(e) caudal region - Actinopterygii

(f) caudal region - Amphibia

(g) caudal region - Chondrichthyes

3. You are doing a study on the diet of polar bears. While examining the scat (droppings) of a large polar bear, you find a single vertebrae. You need to identify this vertebra to determine what this polar bear has been eating. Polar bears are known to eat mammals, birds, and some fish (Actinopterygii). This vertebra has a heterocoelous centra and it has no articulation sites for ribs. It also has an odontoid process. To which of these three vertebrate taxa, and to which region of the vertebral column does this vertebra belong?

(a) synsacral region - Aves

(b) cervical region - Mammalia

(d) cervical region - Aves

(e) caudal region - Actinopterygii

(f) thoracic region - Mammalia

4. Which four of the following eight statements about the skeleton are TRUE? (Choose all four correct options.)

(a) Bone is a tissue that is able to withstand large tensile forces but not large compressive forces.

(b) An important role of the vertebral column in actinopterygii and chondrichthyes is to support the body weight.

(c) in amniotes, the ribs consist of two parts, a costal rib (which articulates with a thoracic vertebra) and a sternal rib (which articulates with the sternum). The mobile joints between the costal and sternal rib, as well as between the costal rib and the vertebra and between the sternal rib and the sternum, make the ribcage flexible such that it can expand during breathing.

(d) A vertebral column with procoelous centra would have a greater range of mobility than a vertebral column with acoelous centra.

(e) In all extant vertebrate taxa, the vertebral column provides axial structural support, as well as support for locomotion.

(f) In many mammals, ligaments and muscles attaching to the neural spines of vertebrae help to stabilize the vertebral column and pull it into a stable arch, which helps to efficiently bridge the body weight to the legs.

(g) In tetrapods, the pectoral girdle is firmly fused to the vertebral column to allow for efficient transfer of locomotive forces from the forelimbs to the axial skeleton.

(h) In chondrichthyes, actinopterygii, sarcopterygii, and some tetrapods, the vertebral column acts as a firm but flexible rod on which muscles pull to produce lateral undulations of the body for locomotion.

5. Consider the following eight statements about the form and function of the appendicular skeleton. Which four of the following eight statements are TRUE? (Choose all four correct options.)

(a) In sharks (Chondrichthyes), the pectoral and pelvic fins are mainly used for propulsion - to propel the body forward through the water.

(b) The tips of fins are supported by fin rays, thin rods which support a webbing of skin (and sometimes also connective tissue) - this increases the surface area of the fin

(c) The fleshy fins of sarcopterygii are not very maneuverable, and are used only to stabilize the body by preventing roll, pitch, and yaw when swimming rapidly.

(d) In both actinopterygii and chondrichthyes, the pectoral girdle attaches directly to the back of the skull while the pelvic girdle is embedded in the muscle of the body wall.

(e) In both sharks (Chondrichthyes) and actinopterygii, the pectoral and pelvic fins provide stability while swimming by preventing roll, pitch, and yaw.

(f) In male chondrichthyes, the pelvic fins have special extensions called claspers that are used to transfer sperm to females during copulation for internal fertilization.

(g) Petromyzontida and myxinoidea have paired pectoral and pelvic fins that are used to provide stability while swimming, as well as for steering.

(h) The main functions of girdles are to provide attachment sites for the muscles of the appendages (paired fins or limbs) and to stabilize the appendages.

6. Consider the following statements related to the appendicular skeleton and terrestrial locomotion of tetrapods. Which three of the following six statements are CORRECT? (Choose all three correct options.)

(a) In tetrapods with erect limb posture, the limbs are positioned directly under the body, while in tetrapods with sprawled limb posture, the limbs are positioned to the sides of the body.

(b) In terrestrial tetrapods, the distal ends of the humerus and femur are rotated such that the digits are oriented in line with the direction of travel, increasing both tractive and propulsive forces during terrestrial locomotion.

(c) Tetrapods with digitigrade foot posture have relatively longer limbs than tetrapods with plantigrade foot posture, such that they have a greater stride length.

(d) When terrestrial tetrapods are walking or running, the recovery stroke of the limbs involves the limb touching the ground while the propulsive stroke of the limbs involves the limb being lifted and moving from posterior to anterior.

(e) In tetrapods with sprawled limb posture, the dorsal elements of the pectoral girdle (such as the scapula) are much larger than the ventral elements of the pectoral girdle (such as the clavicle and corocoid).

(f) When walking or running, tetrapods with erect limb posture use an overarm swing for the recovery stroke, which is relatively slow.

7. You are walking along the beach and find a skeleton in the sand. You notice that the pelvic girdle is not fused to the vertebral column while the pectoral girdle is fused to the skull. The distal ends of the appendages have fin rays. It appears that all muscles controlling the appendages were located within the body wall, not within the appendages. To which vertebrate taxon does this skeleton belong?

(a) Sarcopterygii

(b) Lepidosauria

(d) Amphibia

(e) Actinopterygii

(f) Petromyzontida

8. Your neighbour finds a skeleton while cleaning out the pond in her backyard, and she asks you to identify it. You notice that the vertebrae have zygapophyses and that the centra of the vertebrae are procoelous. The ribs are quite short, and articulate with the vertebrae but not with the sternum. The pelvic and pectoral girdles appear robust and highly ossified, and the pectoral girdle has enlarged ventral elements but relatively small dorsal elements. The appendages each have five digits. Identify this skeleton for your neighbour, and describe to her as much as you can about its style of locomotion, based on this information about its axial and appendicular skeleton. (Choose all three correct options.)

(a) This skeleton is most likely from an amphibian.

(b) This skeleton is most likely from a sarcopterygian.

(d) This animal most likely had sprawled limb posture.

(e) This animal most likely could not support its own body weight using its appendages, and so would not have been capable of terrestrial locomotion.

(f) This animal probably walked with lateral undulations of the body, using the feet as pivot points.

(g) This animal most likely walked with a recovery stroke that used an energetically efficient pendulum-like swing.

(h) This skeleton is most likely from a crocodilian (Archosauria).

BIOL 1051H Chapter Notes - Chapter 7: Adipose Tissue, Central Canal, Osteoclast

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