HUMA 205 Chapter 1: Chapter 1 Note part 5
326. This personal rather than public response to death is also found on the grave-markers of the end
of the fi fth century bce, which show a grief that is perhaps resigned but still intense [Fig.
327. Even in the recent past, the great physicist Werner Heisenberg (1901–1976), who astonished the
world of science with his discoveries in quantum mechanics, derived his initial inspiration from the
Greek Atomists.
328. CHAPTER 4 The Roman Legacy times, receiving its final form in 533 ce, when it was collected,
edited, and published by Byzantine Emperor Justinian (527–565 ce).
329. Although some artists continued to produce blackfi gure works, by the end of the Archaic period,
around 525 bce, almost all had turned to the new style.
330. Even in the face of the campaigns of Philip of Macedon, the Greek cities continued to feud among
themselves, unable to form a common front in the face of the danger of conquest.
331. They join forces with the birds and build a new city Drama and Philosophy in Classical Greece .
332. With the passage of time, most of the aqueducts that supplied ancient Rome have been
demolished or have collapsed.
333. Into this main narrative is woven a description of the wanderings of Odysseus’s son, Telemachus,
who, searching for his missing father, visits many of the other Greek leaders who have returned safely
from Troy.
334. The situation has not been made easier by the fact that medieval church music adopted the same
system of mathematical construction and even some of the same names, but applied them to diff erent
modes.
335. National Archaeological Museum, Athens, Greece//© Erich Lessing/Art Resource, NY Aegean
Culture in the Bronze Age .
336. 50–134 bce), a former slave who established a school of philosophy in Rome and then in Greece.
337. CHAPTER 2 Early Greece Dualists In contrast to Pythagoras’s belief in universal harmony, the
Dualists claimed that there existed two separate universes: the world around us, which was subject to
constant change, and another ideal world, perfect and unchanging, which could be realized only
through the intellect.
338. Voices of Their Times Love, Marriage, and Divorce in Ancient Egypt Text not available due to
copyright restrictions Text not available due to copyright restrictions Text not available due to
copyright restrictions the Mycenaeans of mainland Greece—is perhaps the most splendid
achievement in the history of archaeology in the Mediterranean and one that has opened up vast new
perspectives in the study of the later Greeks.
339. CHAPTER 4 The Roman Legacy was excavated [Fig.
340. Instead of following their Eastern counterparts and repeating the same models and conventions
for centuries, Greek painters and sculptors allowed their curiosity to lead them in a new direction,
one that changed the history of art.
341. Etruscan engineers drained a large marshy area, previously uninhabitable, which became the
community’s center, the future Roman forum.
342. It carried the aqueduct that supplied the Roman city of Nîmes with water—a hundred gallons
(387.5 liters) a day—for each inhabitant and was made of uncemented stone.
343. Its destruction by fi re when Julius Caesar besieged the city in 47 bce must surely be one of the
great intellectual disasters in the history of Western culture.
344. By the fi rst century bce the entire Hellenistic world had been conquered.
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345. From Spain to the Middle East stretched a vast territory consisting of subject provinces,
protectorates, and nominally free kingdoms, all of which depended on Roman goodwill and
administrative effi ciency.
346. 6000 bce) had brought new agricultural techniques, life in general continued there for the next
three thousand years almost completely untouched by the rise of organized cultures elsewhere.
347. THE ETRUSCANS AND THEIR ART The late eighth century bce was a time of great activity in
Italy.
348. The hitherto backward northern kingdom of Macedon began to exert a new unifying infl uence,
despite opposition in Thebes and in Athens, where the great Athenian orator Demosthenes led the
resistance.
349. CHAPTER 4 The Roman Legacy for a one-year term by all the male citizens, but the principal
assembly, the Senate, drew most of its members from Roman aristocratic families.
350. Aeneas (right) is shown in the manner of a Classical Greek god.
351. Also, its character confi rms the Greek love of narrative, for it described in music Apollo’s fi ght
with the dragon that the Pythian Games commemorated.
352. ROMAN PHILOSOPHY AND LAW The Romans produced little in the way of original
philosophical writing.
353. By the end of the third century bce, the Romans had secured their position in the western
Mediterranean and begun an expansion into Asia that was to bring all of the Hellenistic kingdoms
under their control.
354. After almost three hundred years of cultural isolation, in a land cut off from its neighbors by
mountains and sea, the Greeks were brought face to face with the immensely rich and sophisticated
cultures of the ancient Near East.
355. Once again we seem a long way from the achievements of later Greek artists, with their emphasis
on realism, yet precise mathematical relationships lie behind the design of much of the greatest Greek
art.
356. Although the Greeks of the fourth century bce lacked the certainty and self-confidence of their
predecessors, their culture shows no lack of ideas or inspiration.
357. The word harmony is Greek in origin; literally it means a “joining together,” and in a musical
context the Greeks used it to describe various kinds of scales.
358. The statesman then devoted all of his time to public life; the Athenians nicknamed him “Zeus,”
describing his speeches to the Assembly as “divine thunder.” In 445 BCE, at the age of around 50, he
began a relationship with a young woman, Aspasia, that provided the Athenians with a never-ending
supply of gossip.
359. Earliest surviving fragment of Greek music MUSIC a single unifi ed system.
360. In this way Greek ideas not only retained their hold but also began to make an impression on
more remote peoples even farther east.
361. The Persian king Darius succeeded in checking this revolt; he then resolved to lead a punitive
expedition against the mainland Greek cities that had sent help to the eastern cities.
362. The fi rst Buddhist monumental sculpture, called Gandharan after the Indian province of
Gandhara where it developed, used Greek styles and techniques.
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