BIOL 101 Chapter : Biology Chapter 2

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azuremammoth471

15 Mar 2019

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Biology Chapter 2 2/6/2014 9:36:00 PM

Three kinds of bonds

1. Covalent- strongest (sharing)

2. Ionic- weak (transfer of electron’s)

3. Hydrogen- slightly positive, share electrons to become more stable (weak)

Polarity: non-polar or polar

Oil, fat, and waxes are non-polar molecules

Non-polar need a polar substance to dissolve in

These are called hydrophobic (water-hating)

Polar likes polar and water is polar

H-H is a non polar molecule (identical twins equal attraction)

h-O is a polar molecule (fraternal twins different attraction)

Surface tension- have to break bonds

Cohesion

Positive ions are always attracted to negative ions and likewise from negative

to positive

Blood, sweat, and tears are physiological pH

0 is more acidic and 14 is the highest base or alkaline

Water is a 7 on the pH scale

As you go down to 0 on the pH scale you will increase in hydrogen ions and

decrease in hydroxide ions

As you go towards 14 on the scale you will decrease in hydrogen ions and

increase in hydroxide ions

An acid is a hydrogen donor and a base is a hydrogen acceptor

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Document Summary

2/6/2014 9:36:00 pm: covalent- strongest (sharing, ionic- weak (transfer of electron"s, hydrogen- slightly positive, share electrons to become more stable (weak) Non-polar need a polar substance to dissolve in. H-h is a non polar molecule (identical twins equal attraction) h-o is a polar molecule (fraternal twins different attraction) Positive ions are always attracted to negative ions and likewise from negative to positive. 0 is more acidic and 14 is the highest base or alkaline. Water is a 7 on the ph scale. As you go down to 0 on the ph scale you will increase in hydrogen ions and decrease in hydroxide ions. As you go towards 14 on the scale you will decrease in hydrogen ions and increase in hydroxide ions. An acid is a hydrogen donor and a base is a hydrogen acceptor. If it breaks down to an h it is an acid. A buffer helps to maintain a constant ph.

Related Questions

Fill in the following chart with the appropriate subatomic particle and state whether each is located in the nucleus of the orbital

Particle	Charge	Location (Nucleus or Orbital)
	Positive (+)
	Negative (-)
	Neutral Charge

Fill in the following chart using the lowercase letter of the statements below. Please be aware that some letters should be used more than once because they are true for more than one type of bond.

Covalent Bonds	Ionic Bonds	Hydrogen Bonds

Electrons are transferred from one atom to another atom

Valance electrons are shared between atoms

Involves positive and negative ions

A weak bond between 2 or more polar molecules

A bond between 2 or more atoms

The type of bond used to make NaCl (table salt)

The type of bond used to make CH₄ (Methane)

What does it mean when a molecule is described as âpolar?â Be detailed in your answer.

State and explain two reasons that water molecules are essential to life because of their hydrogen bonds.

Fill in the chart with the missing information about macromolecules

Macromolecule	Dietary source	Function	Example	Defining Characteristics
Carbohydrate			Cellulose and glucose
Lipid	Fats, Oils
Protein
Nucleic Acid	Sardines, beans, spinach			Made of nucleotides (contain a base, sugar and phosphate)

greydinosaur410

The type of macromolecule found in highest concentration on a weight basis in a HeLa cell is

protein.

lipid.

polysaccharide.

nucleic acid.

water

Co and Zn ions are required by humans in

microgram amounts.

gram or near gram amounts.

kilogram amounts.

d. milligram amounts.

Which description best characterizes the length of a hydrogen bond between water molecules?

About the same length as the calculated van der Waals distance for two water molecules.

About the same length as a covalent O----H bond.

Shorter than a covalent O---H bond.

Longer than a covalent O---H bond, but shorter than the calculated van der Waals distance between water molecules.

Which of the following statements about water is not true?

Water will hydrogen bond into highly ordered structures or "cages" around non-polar molecules.

The electron-rich oxygen atom of one water molecule can interact with an electron-poor hydrogen on another water molecule to form a hydrogen bond.

Water is a key player in the energetics of the hydrophobic effect.

In an ice crystal water molecules pack into open lattices consisting of five-membered oxygen rings.

At 25 degrees celsius liquid water is about 85% as hydrogen bonded as the water in ice, with each molecule in an average of 3.4 hydrogen bonds.

Which of the following is the strongest?

Ionic interactions

Permanent dipole - permanent dipole interactions

London dispersion forces

Co-linear hydrogen bonds

Which of the following is the best explanation for the hydrophobic effect?

It is caused by the attraction of hydrophobic groups for each other.

It is an entropic effect caused by the tendency of hydrophobic groups to increase their entropy by associating with other hydrophobic groups.

It is an entropic effect, caused by the tendency of water molecules to increase their entropy by excluding hydrophobic groups, which they must otherwise surround with highly ordered structures.

It is caused by the attraction of water for hydrophobic groups.

It is an entropic effect, caused by the tendency of water molecules to increase their entropy by forming highly ordered structures around the hydrophobic groups.

Which of the following is NOT defined as a buffer? (pKa PIPES-H⁺ = 6.76; pKa MOPS-H⁺ = 7.15; pKa HEPES-H⁺ = 7.47)

0.15 M MOPS, pH 6.50

0.05 M HEPES-H⁺ / 0.04 M HEPES

0.20 M PIPES, pH 7.97

0.01 M HEPES, pH 7.30

2. Inductive reasoning in science:

a) is often part of the discovery process

b) proceeds from specific observations to general conclusions

c) is complementary to deductive reasoning

d) often relies on descriptive science

e) all of the above

3. A proton is a subatomic particle with:

a) a negative charge and an atomic mass of 1

b) a negative charge and a negligible mass

c) a positive charge and an atomic mass of 1

d) no charge and an atomic mass of 1

e) no charge and a negligible mass

4. Nonpolar covalent bonds are formed when:

a) electrons are shared equally by atoms

b) electrons are shared unequally by atoms

c) electrons are transferred completely from one atom to another

d) two atoms both lose electrons

e) a negative pole of one atom is attracted to a positive pole of another atom

5. Hydrogen bonds are formed when:

a) electrons are shared equally by atoms

b) electrons are shared unequally by atoms

c) electrons are transferred completely from one atom to another

d) two atoms both lose electrons

e) a negative end of one molecule is attracted to a positive end of another molecule

6. Compared with a solution of pH = 4, a solution with pH = 6 is:

a) 2 times less acidic

b) 10 times more acidic

c) 100 times more acidic

d) 10 times less acidic

e) 100 times less acidic

7. Nucleotides are formed from:

a) 3 fatty acids and a glycerol

b) 3 monosaccharides and a glycerol

c) a fatty acid, a pentose sugar, and 1 or more phosphate groups

d) a nitrogenous base, a pentose sugar, and 1 or more phosphate groups

e) an amino acid, a pentose sugar, and 1 or more phosphate groups

8. Which nucleotide base is found in RNA, but not in DNA?

a) adenine

b) cytosine

c) guanine

d) thymine

e) uracil

9. The correct sequence for the levels in the taxonomic hierarchy is:

a) domain â class â order â kingdom â phylum â genus â family â species

b) kingdom â domain â class â phylum â order â family â genus â species

c) domain â kingdom â phylum â class â order â family â genus â species

d) domain â kingdom â phylum â class â order â genus â family â species

e) phylum â kingdom â domain â order â class â genus â family â species

10. The outer (valence) shell of an atom can hold a maximum of:

a) 4 electrons

b) 6 electrons

c) 8 electrons

d) 12 electrons

e) 18 electrons

11. Which of the following is not true of lipids?

a) they are a diverse group of biological molecules

b) they are hydrophobic

c) they are less oxidized than carbohydrates

d) they are strongly polar

e) they can store more energy than carbohydrates

coralcattle151

BIOL 101 Chapter : Biology Chapter 2

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