POLSCI 329S Chapter Notes - Chapter All: Kwame Nkrumah, Extortion
11 May 2018
School
Department
Course
Professor
Politics of Violence
11.17.16 Reading Notes
Noiolet Eaple: Ghaas independence campaign
x Led by Kwame Nkrumah, the idepedee oeet as ispired Ghadis struggle for
independence
x Led a apaig of oiolet positie atio – Nkrumah instructed the people through the CPP
Nkruahs part newspaper that any form of violence during the strike would undermine the
campaign
x Traveled to various cities and spread his nonviolent, positive action doctrine, which successfully halted
trasportatio ad uh of these ities produtiit
o Also created networks of loyal supporters in various cities
x The governor called for a state of emergency and enacted wide-scale repression, including the
authorization of anti-African pogroms, censoring, banning of public meetings
x A few instances of violence, but Nkrumah discredited them, saying that he did not authorize the
violent occurrences
o Nkrumah and others were arrested and received prison sentences
o Government repression intensified the solidarity of the movement and the arrested leaders
became martyrs – thereby elevating the cause and gaining more supporters
o Reminded me of our last discussion about how a nonviolent movement somewhat requires a
reaction from the government to gain traction
x CPP won majorities in elections in all the cities that large protests took place
x Nkrumah was also invited to become prime-minister and eventually led the country to independence
from Great Britain
x Does it fit the model?
o Vast participation – allowed the movement to have leverage because the protests and
oooperatio halted outrs produtiit, so the goeret had a high ietie to
change the status quo
o However, it supports the argument that the model is missing the necessary condition of a
government reaction
Liig i Fear: Dais of Etortio i Meios Criial Isurge
x 2007 – increased violence linked to drug trafficking, gang wars, criminality
x Presidet Calderos adiistratio – militarized campaign to eradicate DTOS
x DTOs iteratio ith civil society
o Coercion extortion – an armed actor charging fees for protection
o Co-optation protection, land, permits, financial assistance
x Two explanatory variables to explain variation in DTO strategies
o Level of territorial control
o Capture of the states oerie poer
x DTOs will establish cooperative behavior toward civilians when they control a region and expect to
control it in the future
x Competition for territorial control should be accompanied by decreases in co-optation and increases in
coercion, including extortion
o Similar to idea of a roving bandit
o Competition short term benefits
o No competition likely for long-term control and long-term benefits
x Highly decentralized with individual criminal cells controlled by leaders
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