PSYC 110 Chapter Notes - Chapter 4: Institutional Review Board, Ascribed Status, Achieved Status
29 Jun 2018
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Through a later survey, 83% said they were glad they had participated Yet, many
personally experienced problems during the experiment Some felt shame; others justified
their behavior CRITIQUES of method: Its psychological effects on the participants
Deception of the participants III. Ethics in research Milgram **What kinds of ethical
problems with this method? These studies – and other earlier ones – have led to: Codes of
Ethics to protect human subjects Institutional Review Boards **A note on “peer review”
IV. Causation vs. Correlation Correlation: A relationship between two variables.
Causation: One variable causes another. Element of time – which came first Intervening –
or third – variable Example: Musical Tastes and HIV Infection “Spurious Correlations”
. HOW DO WE UNDERSTAND SOCIAL CONTEXT? A. Social Order Why does
Social Context matter? It provides order in our world. Sociologists often study the
processes that enable social order; the formal and informal rules that allow society to
function Social order is created and maintained through: Laws and formal rules
Informal social processes/factors Example: Formal rules around driving a car? Formal
rules around where to sit on a bus Informal rules? Rules around paying for groceries at the
check-out? B. Social Context defined Social Context (Social Environment): External
reality formed by interactions between individuals. Can range from micro (family) to
macro (nation). Individuals live in multiple contexts at the same time (e.g., family, religious
group, city, nation) In what context are you a brother, a student, an athlete, a sports fan, an
intern, an American citizen, a Muslim? Individuals experience the primacy of one context
over others, at particular times. Ex. Parents in class Sociologists seek to uncover,
understand, and explain different Social Contexts, as well as their influence over individual
behavior. C. Social Structure & Culture The way sociologists study Social Context is by
analyzing two major aspects of it: 1. Social Structure 2. Culture Social Structure:
predictable rules or patterns of interaction between people and groups.How relations among
people are structured. How parts of society are related. Ex. How are doctor-patient
interactions organized? C. Social Structure & Culture Culture: What the
structures/interactions mean. Shared system of meaning that exists in any
society/social context. Ex. Being married to someone means having legal rights; access in
hospitals, priority, etc. Shared way of life – shared way of doing things/practices that
undergird Structure. Social Structure & Culture enable social order. Allows us to know
how to behave Social Structure & Culture co-exist in Social Contexts. II. SOCIAL
STRUCTURE: STATUSES and ROLES A. Status Status: social positions people occupy.
Any social position that has rights, obligations, and expectations that go along with that
position. 1. Ascribed status: a position given at birth or assigned at different stages of
life E.g., sex, race, age 2. Achieved status: position acquired through personal effort
E.g., student, husband, author Status-set: combination of various statuses. Sum of
positions that we occupy in society.Master status: when one status assumes a certain
priority and appears to override other statuses that you hold. Examples? CEO vs.
disabled? B. Role Role: The expressions and behavior of a person who occupies a
Document Summary
Through a later survey, 83% said they were glad they had participated yet, many personally experienced problems during the experiment some felt shame; others justified their behavior critiques of method: its psychological effects on the participants. These studies and other earlier ones have led to: codes of. Ethics to protect human subjects institutional review boards. Element of time which came first intervening or third variable example: musical tastes and hiv infection spurious correlations : social order. Sociologists often study the processes that enable social order; the formal and informal rules that allow society to function. Social order is created and maintained through: laws and formal rules. Social context (social environment): external reality formed by interactions between individuals. Can range from micro (family) to macro (nation). Individuals experience the primacy of one context over others, at particular times. Parents in class understand, and explain different social contexts, as well as their influence over individual behavior.
