ENC 1102 Chapter Notes - Chapter 3: World Health Organization, Lymphatic Filariasis, Environmental Health

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harlequinmacaw509

26 Oct 2018

School

FAU

Department

Composition/Rhetoric - ENC

Course

ENC 1102

Professor

Justin Waldron

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Document Summary

Environmental health risks as defined by world health organization (who) consists of all the physical, chemical, and biological factors external to a person, and all the related factors impacting behaviours. It encompasses the assessment and control of those environmental factors that can potentially affect health. As wide as this definition is, environmental health has many different branches that affect all subjects of a nation-state. This can include air pollution, climate change, water sanitation and many others. More developed states also suffer from environmental health risks even though they have the technology, and in some cases this causes environmental health risks such as air pollution from manufacturing and vehicles. Water sanitation is one of the most important aspects of environmental health as many diseases are carried through water. 842,000 diarrhoeal diseases deaths per year resulting from lack of safe drinking- water and inadequate sanitation and hygiene according to the who.

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(Please Summerize the work down below, thank you)

Political	Economic
Growing political influences on healthcare advances	Cost of living increases
Global government influence on healthcare cost	Cost of insurance prices
Government control of Medicaid, Medicare funding	Rise of forecasted interest rates
Social/Cultural	Technical or Technology
Increase average age of population	Demand on new medical treatments
Patient expectations increase	Customize treatments
Demographics are in constant change	More advance service facilities
Environmental	Legal
Growing need for green business	Constant change of government drug Regulations
Environmental agenda and community awareness	Consumer laws
	Health and safety regulations



Porters 5 forces of business model

Competitive Rivalry
Growth opportunity for healthcare companies are expected to growing the next few years
Increase in new revolutionary drugs both in and outside of the US

Threat if New Entrants
Strict government regulations
Difficult to keep up due to constant change
Huge startup cost

Substitute Products
Threat of other substituting product and service at lower cost



Bargaining Power of Customers
Generic drugs offered at large discount to consumer
Larger less customized healthcare facility with lower housing costs
Several facilities offering similar services.

Bargaining power of supplier
Medical suppliers have a large pricing power
Bargaining power of physicians and nurses is huge because of large hospital benefits

Swot Analysis

Strengths

Highly trained and capable employees

Market experience

Strong leadership

High level of organizational efficiency

Excellent facilities

Strong commitment to bettering the community

Weaknesses

Increased cost of healthcare could lower our clientele

Limited staff resources

Limited cash flow to hire and train new employees

Lack of resources

Opportunities

Fast growing technology opens new doors for using state of the art equipment to better serve the patients.

Nursing and residential care is one of the fastest growing industries

Aging population

Threats

Uncertainty in political and economic climate causes hesitation for receiving new patients.

Funding constraints

Highly competitive market

Product or Service Analysis

Our services will be used by patients who cannot afford experimental treatments and patients who have been abandoned by the system because hospitals can no longer provide medical assistance. At our facility, we will be able to work with the families and provide them with different payments options, such as low monthly payment plans. Our main goal is to be able to treat the patient at a very affordable cost; however, if any patient does not possess the means to pay for treatment, he or she would not be turned away; our facility will tap into government and private funding to cover treatment cost.

The beauty of this service is that there isnât a charge of any kind to take part in our program because it is completely funded by government grants. Individuals that would take part would more than likely not have the means to pay a monthly deductible. Due to the nature of the business listed as a non-profit agency, there is no way to make a profit of any kind, as it would jeopardize the business in its entirety.

Some of the market factors that create a demand for our services include the need of medical care after having maximized all resources, the number of low income families, and the number of patients facing health issues needed extended medical care.

Opportunities that may derive from this business is the opportunity to expand and open multiple facilities, while extending a helping hand to many more in need. The risk, however, is the unstable funds deriving from grants. This can pose a huge treat to the business, as grants often times come and go and cannot be counted on as a constant income.

After studying the healthcare system and current policies in place, data shows many individuals facing severe health issues usually go untreated and uncared for due to the outrageous cost of medical care. It is devastating to see how often people, especially the elderly, are sent home and forgotten for the mere reason that hospitals and doctors are not willing to care for patients without financial means. In fact, in 2009 Harvard news reported 45,000 annual deaths due to lack of health coverage in the U.S. alone, which is significantly higher than the 18,000 reported by USA Today in 2002.

Financial Analysis

Clermont will be a nonprofit organization, dedicated to help the most needed. To open the facility fully operational we must take in consideration some fixed expenses like the land acquisition, permits, interest, brokers, administration fees, professionals (facility setup), staff, reports (environmental, occupational, fire, FDA), electricity, water, phone, water & sewer , connections, taxes, insurance, management, security, advertising, accountants, food, lawn mowers, bank fees, etc.

The facility will need have a total value of approximately three million dollars, but if we break the price of the land acquisition in to a thirty (30) year mortgage we can star up the business with an investment of approximately $ 233,944.61 USD to cover the first month of operation including all the startup permits and connections. After the first month the fixed expenses will be $184,444.00 USD with the exception of the months were taxes are due; taxes are around $ 43,000.00 USD paid quarterly will increase the tax month (depending on the facility fiscal year) for $ 10,750.00 USD approximately. We will fund all the costs with private and public funding, fundraiser, events, raffles, and most important with the help of the community.

As we mentioned before, Clermont is a nonprofit organization and we will do everything in our power to give the relief to the families in need. No one will be rejected because they do not have the money or the insurance cannot help. No money will be required from patient and every single dollar received will be spent in the patients, and in improving our facility and our service every day.

We believe our financial even breaking point will be a year after we begin operations, and be profitable soon after. There are many patients in need, and with the government and public grants each person will receive the treatment they need, and we will become the hope of many.

QUESTION 1 1. The relative importance or burden of a disease within a population will depend on a number of factors including : A. Disease frequency B. Disease severity C. Disease consequences D. All of the above

QUESTION 2 1 . With the epidemiologic transition, there is a reduction in malnutrition and _____ . A. Communicable diseases B. Injuries C. Non-communicable chronic diseases D. Mental health disorders

QUESTION 3 1. A major challenge to developing a burden of disease profile in low and middle-income countries relates to A. Unwillingness to share complete information B. Conflicting disease definitions C. Challenges obtaining information related to cause of death D. All of the above

QUESTION 4 1. The demographic transition describes which of the following changes to society A. Changes in birth and death rates that reflect a modern society B. Declines in mortality followed by a reduction in fertility C. A change in the age structure of the population D. All of the above

QUESTION 5 1. Measures of health status that combine mortality and morbidity data A. Facilitate comparisons both within and across populations B. Help estimate the quantitative health benefits from interventions C. Serve as tools to assist with resource allocation D. All of the above

QUESTION 6 1. The disability-adjusted life year is defined as A. A health gap population summary measure that combines time lost due to disability with that lost due to death B. A measure to compare the gap between the current situation to that of an ideal situation C. A measure that combines the amount of healthy life lost due to morbidity with that lost due to injury. D. Answers B and C

QUESTION 7 1. True or false? A key limitation to mortality-based indicators is that they fail to account for the morbidity caused by disease. True False

QUESTION 8 1. The most widely used composite measure of population health is the DALY, and this epidemiological measure is the sum of morbidity and ________data. A. Years of life lost (YLL) B. Morbidity C. Infant mortality rates (IMR) D. none of the above

QUESTION 9 1. What would be the best source of information on adult and infant mortality (in high income countries)? A. Disease registers B. Vital statistics C. Special survey study D. Hospital clinic statistics

QUESTION 10 1. Which term is best used to describe the proportion of people in a population who have a defined disease at a specific point of time? A. DALY B. Incidence C. Mortality rate D. Prevalence

QUESTION 11 1. Which term is best used to describe new cases of disease occurring in a population? A. DALY B. Incidence C. Mortality rate D. Prevalence

QUESTION 12 1. Which term is used to describe the absence or presence of illness or disease? A. Demography B. Morbidity C. Mortality D. Vitality

QUESTION 13 1. Mortality (death indicators) include: A. Mortality rate B. Infant mortality rate C. Neonatal morality rate D. All of the above

QUESTION 14 1. True or false? The value of life is often implicit in the way resource allocation decisions are made, which suggests that these decisions should be as explicit, open, and transparent as possible. True False

QUESTION 15 1. _________________is projected as the number one leading cause of disease burden in 2030. A. Ischemic heart disease B. Diabetes mellitus C. HIV/AIDS D. Unipolar depression

QUESTION 16 1. Some of the negative aspects of globalization include A. Greater insecurity of employment B. Poorer housing and sanitation due to rapid urbanization C. Greater vulnerability to environmental degradation D. All of the above

QUESTION 17 1. Current concerns about climate change focus on several developments including A. Rising global average land and sea surface temperature B. Increasing frequency of extreme weather conditions C. Both A and B D. None of the above

QUESTION 18 1. True or false? Diseases carried by mosquitoes are especially sensitive to meteorological conditions because they are vulnerable to changes in the ambient temperature. As a result of changing temperatures, infectious diseases such as malaria and dengue have decreased in incidence and geographic range. True False

QUESTION 19 1. True or false? International cooperation of infectious disease control has a long history that includes obligatory reporting of outbreaks of specific diseases. However, compliance with obligatory reporting has been poor due to economic consequences that have often accompanied notification of disease outbreaks. True False

QUESTION 20 1. True or false? Globalization is a relatively new phenomenon that began in the mid-20th century. True False

Case study : Protecting the public ( Engineering Economy )

The Greenacres City Council has just been informed that the city park may have had a lowgrade contaminant included with the latest annual mosquito spraying. The cityâs health department has been assigned the task of testing for the contaminant and quantifying the health impact of exposure if the contaminant is present. Even though the department cannot yet quantify the effects, they have identified the causal chain for the health problems. The key link here is burning of contaminated vegetation, which puts the contaminant back in the air as a vapor. This vapor is irritating to the eyes and may cause acute damage to people wearing contact lenses. This is substantial evidence that there is no problem if it is touched or even eaten. Thus the chief danger appears to be campfires, disposal of windblown leaves (which would mix in with local residential area), or the chance of wildfire in the park. The health department has also verified that sunshine reduces the toxicity for the potential contaminant over a 2 to 3 year period. By year 4 the danger should be gone. Because of the adverse publicity that the council expects, it has decided that a benefit/cost analysis must be conducted immediatelyâbefore the health department can supply any results. In fact, their meeting is tomorrow night, and you (the cityâs manager) have been ordered to have preliminary results by then. While they would like to have definitive conclusions, you believe that they will settle for an analysis that quantifies the two worst-case scenarios. One scenario involves removing all

vegetation and turning the park into a landfill, while the second scenario involves the maximum health cost in the complete absence of recovery efforts. The city engineer has dragged together the estimates for the landfill scenario. Here the first step is to remove the vegetation and burn it in a specially controlled environment where the exhaust is passed through a catalyst. Fortunately, the city is in an industrial area, so that facilities for disposal of hazardous wastes are available. If these facilities were not close by, then costs would be even higher than the expected $2 million to $5 million. The second step is to create a substantial cover by using the site as a temporary landfill. Fortunately, water table and location factors are positive, except that 20 homeowners will have to be bought out through eminent domain. The appraised value of their properties averages $135,400. The city engineer suggests that all of the other costs associated with using this as a landfill can be ignored, since the city would be incurring them at another site in any case. In about three years the cover would be deep enough and the landfill could be converted back into a park. The park currently emphasizes vegetation, jogging paths, and similar natural uses, but plantings and regrowth are likely to be far too slow. Thus the engineer has suggested using the area for a complex of playing fields for softball, baseball, soccer, and football. This would cut the regrowth time to the minimum and would only require $300,000 for construction. The planner for the city park department has looked at usage levels for other playing fields within the city, and has used benefit numbers developed for justification of another small group of playing fields last year. From this she has suggested that the playing field complex would have a ânet benefitâ stream of $125,000 annually after maintenance costs are considered. She also identified 5% as the discount rate that the city council accepted for that study. The scenario for health impacts if there is no recovery effort is far less defined. Here the difficulty lies in estimating the probability of different kinds of fires, and then estimating how many people might be affected. A wildfire is clearly the least likely; but it could affect the 35,000 people who live in moderate proximity to the park. The fire chief has estimated the normal wildfire possibility at .002, but this may increase to .01 due to publicity and arson. On the other hand, over a 3-year period, someone is almost certain to build a fire with a stick that has been sprayed. Over 20% of the parkâs visitors are picnickers, and a quarter use wood, not charcoal fires. This yearâs leaves are less of a problem, although taking all leaves to the special incinerator is likely to cost nearly $1 million (from close-by neighborhoods, as well as the park).
Cases in Engineering Economy 2nd by Peterson & Eschenbach

It is clear that, if the contaminant is there and if you burn it under your hamburger, there is still a sizable chance that you will have absolutely no problem. But, the exact danger is not known. It appears likely that the cumulative danger is related to park usage, which is currently 250,000 visitor-hours per yearâgrowing at about 15,000 hours per year, slightly faster than the cityâs population. You know that other uncertainties include the study period and the value of avoiding eye damage. Clearly, an exact answer is impossible. Nevertheless, an answer is required.

Suggestions to the Student 1. For the landfill/sports complex option, is it appropriate to include the benefits of the later years?

2. What study period, fraction of population with contacts, etc., must be guesstimated?

3. The role of population growth is likely to matter only for park usage, and not for potential eye damage. Why?

4. What other options should be suggested, based on the economic analysis? Which pieces of the two options have particularly good or poor benefit/cost impacts?

I need answer for this questions :

1) Case Study Description (it must be one page)

2) Case Study Questions .

3 ) Case Study Financials

ENC 1102 Chapter Notes - Chapter 3: World Health Organization, Lymphatic Filariasis, Environmental Health

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