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BIOL 1001 Chapter : Chapter 5 Part I

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azuremammoth471
15 Mar 2019
School
LSU
Department
Biological Sciences
Course
BIOL 1001
Professor
All

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Document Summary

Two approaches to explain body functions: as a machine, a mechanism. Physiology is the brother of anatomy, the study of the structure of the body. Cellular: cells are basic unit of life. Obtain nutrients and oxygen from surrounding environment. Perform chemical reactions that provide energy for the cell. Eliminate carbon dioxide and other wastes to surrounding environment (note: too much of anything can be toxic. Regulate exchange of materials between cell and its surrounding environment. Sensing and responding to changes in surrounding environment. Groups of cells with similar structure bound to each other working to achieve a specialized function. Four primary types of tissue: muscle, nervous, epithelial, connective. Muscle tissue: of the heart, striated, involuntary; smooth-- encloses and controls movement of contents through organs; non- striated, involuntary. Epithelial tissue: connects body and its organ to the environment. Exception: nerve cells and muscle cells lose their ability to reproduce early in development.

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Related Questions

2260 A&P 1 Lecture - Unit 1

Beware! ANYTHING within the assigned readings or discussed in lecture is fair game whether it is part of this list or not!!

What is the study of Anatomy? Provide an example of an anatomical study.

What is the study of Physiology? Provide an example of a physiological study.

List the characteristics of living things and briefly discuss them.

List the levels of organization from smallest to largest. Provide a specific example for each level.

Compare/Contrast sections and planes.

What are the distinguishing characteristics of the anatomical position?

Practice placing a section through a location in the body and then determine what structures would be made visible by that section in that location. For example if a coronal (frontal) section were made in the thoracic region (would be able to see both lungs, the heart, depending on the exact location of the cut, maybe the esophagus and /or the trachea)

Practice the directional terms using them to describe the locational relationship between two body regions (use the technical terms for those body regions, (i.e. if the original post used __ is superior to blank, the opposite would be ___ is inferior to __).

Distinguish between the nine abdominal regions and four quadrants and indicate what major organ(s) would be found deep to that region or quadrant.

Why is it important to study the language of anatomy and physiology if one is going into the medical field?

Define homeostasis. What thing (or things) in our body maintains homeostasis? And what regulates those "things"?

What is the likely result if homeostasis is not maintained?

13. What are the components of feedback mechanisms? What is the function of each component?

14. Discuss negative feedback mechanisms. Give a specific example of one.

Discuss positive feedback mechanisms. Give a specific example of one.

Discuss the levels of organization, list the various levels and provide a specific example of each level.

What is matter?

What are elements? What are the four most common elements of the human body?

Distinguish between atoms, and molecules. Provide an example of each.

What information is provided by the molecular formula? For example what can be said of the formula C6H12O6, the molecular formula for glucose?

Briefly distinguish between organic and inorganic molecules. Recall that MY preferred defining quality differs from what the text says!

Consider/review the important inorganic molecules discussed in chp 2 and describe their importance in the human body.

Distinguish between acids and bases. Which of these will have relatively more free H+ ions?

What is the pH range of an acid? Of a base? What would be the pH value of a solution where the number of H+ ions = OH- ions?

What are the states of acidosis and alkalosis with reference to blood pH values?

Consider/review the important organic molecules discussed in chp 2 and describe their general importance in the human body.

Distinguish between solvent and solute.

Discuss the term osmolarity.

Consider/review the four types of lipids and discuss their individual function in the human body. Lipids are not composed of monomers but they do have “building blocks”, what are these building blocks?

What are the "building blocks" or monomers (looking for a group or class name) of a carbohydrate polymer? Name the five (5) types of carbohydrate monomers.

When two of these carbohydrate monomers are bonded together what "class" of carbohydrate is formed? What are the types of this "class"? What is the source (food) for each of these?

When three or more of these monomers are bonded together they form which "class" of carbohydrate? Which one of these stores excess carbs in animals (mainly in the liver)? Which one stores excess carbs in plants? And which one is indigestible by the human gut, but is important because it provides "bulk" in the form of fiber and helps keep fecal matter moving in the intestines?

What is the monomer of nucleic acids?

Briefly describe deoxyribonucleic acid including its general function.

Briefly describe ribonucleic acid including its general function.

What are the monomers of proteins? What kind of bond holds the monomers together?

Distinguish between oligopeptides and polypeptides.

Choose TWO general functions of proteins based on the globular vs fibrous classification of proteins, the class of protein that performs that function and a specific example for each.

What events or environments denature a protein? What has happened if a protein is denatured? What happens to its function if it is denatured?

What class of organic molecules are enzymes and what do they do in the body? How do they do their function? In other words, what is their mechanism of action/what do they change to do their job?

What are enzyme co-factors and what is their role in enzyme action?

How are enzymes regulated?


Question #06: Basic functions of Renal, CV and Respiratory Systems The question for this week is as follows: Name the physiological responses and/or the relationships among buffers, respiratory, circulatory and renal systems involved in the homeostatic control following a metabolic acidosis. It is an absolute requirement that you answer this question based on the outline below. Precede each section of your answer with its heading, and make sure you answer ALL aspects outlined in each section. Hint: for this question you really have to think on “the circle”. The following are the section headings and their requirements: a) the example: which are the physiological responses and/or relationships among buffers, respiratory, circulatory and renal systems on which your answer will be based. Which was the origin of the metabolic acidosis in your example. Be as specific as you can in delimiting the boundaries of your example and the level(s) of organization your example will involve. b) the buffer involvement: how does the buffer system attempt to control the homeostatic variable (blood pH). Which, how and where is the signal to the buffer system recognized as input (receptors, afferent loop, and integration center), and how did the output of the integration center reached their targets (efferent loop, targets). The response this signal elicits is an acute (fast) or chronic (slow) compensatory mechanism. c) the respiratory involvement: how does the respiratory system attempt to control the homeostatic variable (blood pH). Which, how and where is the signal to the respiratory system recognized as input (receptors, afferent loop, and integration center), and how did the output of the integration center reached their targets (efferent loop, targets). The response this signal elicits is an acute (fast) or chronic (slow) compensatory mechanism. d) the circulatory involvement: how does the circulatory system attempt to control the homeostatic variable (blood pH). Which, how and where is the signal to the cardiovascular system recognized as input (receptors, afferent loop, and integration center), and how did the output of the integration center reached the targets (efferent loop, targets). The response this signal elicits is an acute (fast) or chronic (slow) compensatory mechanism. e) the renal involvement: how does the renal system attempt to control the homeostatic variable (blood pH). Which, how and where is the signal to the renal system recognized as input (receptors, afferent loop, and integration center), and how did the output of the integration center reached the targets (efferent loop, targets). The response this signal elicits is an acute (fast) or chronic (slow) compensatory mechanism. f) the integration pathways: how (the sensor, afferent, integrator, efferent, effector and feedback signals) and in which order (buffers, respiratory, cardiovascular, kidney) were the physiological systems involved, and recruited to participate in the homeostatic response to a metabolic acidosis. The most important component of this answer is: Why do you think such a sequential order in this homeostatic response was achieved? Please notice that this subquestion does NOT ask you to tell me what is the order, but it asks why that order occurred.

a) Name the structure and the function on which your overall answer will be based? Be as specific as you can in delimiting the boundaries of your example (the most important part of your answer, since the following b, c, & d sub-questions are based on your answer to this first sub-question, a). Please notice that only 1 item is required (in your answer it should be labeled as “a”). This answer should look like: “a.- My structure (S) is …. and its function (F) is …”. In same cases a second sentence might be needed. b) Why do you think that your structure and your function are related? Support your contention based on 3 lines of evidence based on the chemistry, physics, anatomy, or physiology involved in your example. Please notice that 3 items are required (answers should be labeled as “b1, b2, and b3”). One of this answers might look like: “b1.- If I do this experiment and measure this variable using this technique, this result will suggest that my S/F is correct”. Please notice that MY question does not ask you to tell me what happens since this can be copy from any source, but it asked how do you know that your S/F relationship is true. c) Which are the levels of organization involved in your example (c1)? Cite events occurring at its main level of organization (c2) and indicate how they relate to the whole body level (c3). Please notice that 3 items are required (thus, answers should be labeled as “c1, c2, and c3”). These answers should look as follows: “c1.- molecular” or any level of organization involved in your “a” answer (S/F); “c2.- the first event is; the next even is; the middle event is; the next event is; the last event is”. Five events distributed equidistant from each other is a good summary for the story line of the your S/F named in your “a” answer. Finally, “c3.- at a whole individual level my S/F described in “a” plays this role”. d) Which are the main feedback mechanisms involved in your example (cite at least two) (d1)? Expand on one of them (d2) and name 2 absolute requirement for that feedback to work (d3). Please notice that 3 items are required (answers should be labeled as “d1, d2, and d3”). These answers should look as follows: “d1.- an increase in this negative feedback ligand must decrease this variable under control”. This is how you NAME a negative feedback. For d1 you need to name two negative feedbacks; “d2.- the first event is; the next even is; the middle event is; the next event is; the last event is”. Five events distributed equidistant from each other is a good summary for the most important negative feedback story line involved as a control of the your S/F named in your “a” answer, that you named in d1; “d3.- this two components are absolutely necessary for the negative feedback described in d2 to be operational.