BIOL 1002 Chapter : BIOL 1002 Chapter 21 Notes Only

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15 Mar 2019

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Most plants have the ability to photosynthesize. The multicellular embryo of a plant is retained within and receives nutrients from the tissues of the parent plant. Plants exhibit alternation of generations (a multicellular diploid generation alternates with a multicellular haploid generation) A diploid sporophyte plant produces haploid spores through meiosis. The spores divide by mitosis and develop into haploid gametophyte plants. Haploid gametophyte plants produce haploid male and female gametes through mitosis. Gametes of opposite sex fuse to form diploid zygotes, which divide by mitosis and develop into diploid sporophytes. Plants make vital contributions to the food, air, soil, and water that sustain life on land. Plants capture energy that other organisms use. Through photosynthesis, plants provide food, directly or indirectly, for all the animals, fungi, and nonphotosynthetic microbes on land. Plants produce oxygen gas as a by-product of photosynthesis, continually replenishing oxygen in the atmosphere. Plants play a crucial ecological role (continued)

Related Questions

Question 1

The key innovation that allowed for plant survival on land, seenin the first land plants and all others after, but not in thecharophytes, is

Question 1 options:

	fruit.
	vascular tissue.
	the seed.
	protection of the embryo.

Question 2

Which dramatic change in the alternation-of-generations lifecycle led to the protection of all phases of the life cycle and theformation of seeds?

Question 2 options:

	transition from a dominant gametophyte generation to a dominantsporophyte generation
	transition from a dominant sporophyte generation to a dominantgametophyte generation

Question 3

Which structure(s) allow the sporophyte of vascular plants to beprotected against drying out?

Question 3 options:

	the waxy covering of leaves, called the cuticle
	small openings in the leaves, called stomata
	guard cells that surround each stoma
	all of these structures protect the dominant sporophyte fromdrying out

Question 4

Why are the bryophytes called nonvascular plants?

Question 4 options:

	because they are specialized for transporting water and organicnutrients
	because their roots, stems, and leaves lack vascular tissue
	because they protect their embryo
	because they produce wind-blown spores

Question 5

Which generation is dominant in the bryophytes?

Question 5 options:

	the generations are equally dominant
	the sporophyte
	the gametophyte
	there is no sporophyte generation in bryophytes

Question 6

Which of the bryophytes are typically low-lying, due mostly totheir need for moisture and lack of vascular tissue?

Question 6 options:

	the mosses
	the liverworts
	the hornworts
	all of the bryophytes are low-lying

Question 7

Which structure of the moss protects the embryo from dryingout?

Question 7 options:

	the archegonium
	the antheridium
	the sporangium
	the stalk

Question 8

Cooksonia were the first __________ plants; they hadwind-blown spores, __________, leaves, and roots.

Question 8 options:

	nonvascular; branches
	vascular; seeds
	nonvascular; seeds
	vascular; branches

Question 9

The roots of today's lycophytes are much like __________ were inearly vascular plants; the vascular tissue is __________.

Question 9 options:

	roots; centrally placed
	stems; centrally placed
	leaves; only found at the perimeter
	branches; only found at the perimeter

Question 10

Pteridophytes, or ferns and their allies, are __________vascular plants with __________.

Question 10 options:

	seed-producing; microphylls
	seedless; microphylls
	seedless; megaphylls
	seed-producing; megaphylls

Question 11

Microphylls __________. Megaphylls__________.

Question 11 options:

	are found in all vascular plants; are only found in thelycophytes
	are broad leaves with a single strand of vascular tissue; arenarrow and have several strands vascular tissue
	are broad leaves with several strands of vascular tissue; arenarrow and have a single strand of vascular tissue
	are narrow and have a single strand of vascular tissue; arebroad leaves with several strands of vascular tissue

Question 12

The fern life cycle

Question 12 options:

	all of these choices accurately describe the fern lifecycle.
	is dependent on external water.
	relies on the wind to disperse the spores.
	produces a gametophyte that lacks vascular tissue.

Question 13

Seed plants use meiosis to produce

Question 13 options:

	spores and pollen.
	seeds and fruit.
	pollen and seeds.
	microspores and megaspores.

Question 14

In seed plants, a microspore develops into

Question 14 options:

	an egg.
	a pollen grain.
	a sporophyte.
	All of these answers correctly complete this sentence.

Question 15

Within the angiosperms, or ___________, two groups exist. Theyare named for their __________.

Question 15 options:

	vascular plants; number of cotyledons, or seed coats
	nonvascular plants; leaf type
	flowering plants; number of cotyledons, or seed coats
	fungi; leaf type

Question 16

The __________ parts of a flower are the stamens, each of whichhas two parts: the anther and the filament. The __________ parts ofa flower are the carpel, which has three major regions: the stigma,the style, and the __________.

Question 16 options:

	female; male; ovary
	male; female; sepals
	female; male; sepals
	male; female; ovary

Question 17

Double fertilization during the angiosperm life cycle involvestwo sperm, one of which __________, while the other __________.

Question 17 options:

	fertilizes the egg to form a zygote; produces the endospermnucleus, which will develop into food for the developing plant
	is a mature male gametophyte; is an immature malegametophyte
	lands on the carpel of the plant; is usually blown away in thewind
	develops into the seed; develops into the fruit that surroundsthe seeds

Question 18

The bodies of most fungi are made up of a network of filamentscalled hyphae.

Question 18 options:

	True
	False

Question 19

What is the difference between land fungi and the chytrids?

Question 19 options:

	Land fungi are motile and have flagella at all stages of theirlife cycle. The chytrids do not have flagella.
	Land fungi are nonmotile and do not have flagella at any stageof their life cycle. The chytrids have flagellated spores andgametes.
	Land fungi are nonmotile and only have flagellated spores. Thechytrids have flagellated spores and gametes.
	Both are motile for part of their life cycle. Land fungi aremotile as gametes. Chytrids are motile as spores.

Question 20

The vast majority of described species of fungi are __________fungi, which include unicellular __________, which reproducesexually once their food supply runs out. When yeast ferment, theyproduce ethanol and carbon dioxide.

Question 20 options:

	zygospore; black bread molds
	club; mushroom
	sac; yeast
	mutualistic; lichen

yellowmuskrat453

Question 1

The process by which RNA is synthesized using DNA as a template is â¦

Select one:

a. replication

b. transcription

c. translation

d. inspiration

Question 2

Which of the following occurs during meiosis but not mitosis?

Select one:

a. DNA condenses into chromosomes

b. nuclear envelop disappears

c. homologous chromosomes separate

d. sister chromatids separate

Question 3

Which part of the animal life cycle is haploid?

Select one:

a. gamete

b. zygote

c. sporophyte

d. spore

Question 4

Single celled eukaryotic organisms are â¦

Select one:

a. viruses

b. bacterial

c. archaea

d. protists

Question 5

Which type of cellular division results in the formation of diploid cells from a diploid parent cell?

Select one:

a. mitosis

b. meiosis

c. interphase

d. A and B but not C

e. all of the above

Question 6

A sequence of DNA that codes for a single protein is a â¦

Select one:

a. gene

b. ribosome

c. mRNA

d. none of the above

Question 7

Which of the following is characteristic of animals?

Select one:

a. heterotrophic

b. sexual reproduction

c. embryonic development

d. all of the above

Question 8

All genes have only two possible alleles.

Select one:

True

False

Question 9

The presence of membrane-bound organelles is characteristic of â¦

Select one:

a. prokaryotes

b. viruses

c. bacteria

d. eukaryotes

Question 10

What are the building blocks of proteins?

Select one:

a. fatty acids

b. amino acids

c. nucleic acids

d. all of the above

Question 11

During which phase of the cell cycle does DNA replication occur?

Select one:

a. Mitosis

b. Interphase

c. Meiosis

d. Replicosis

Question 12

Which of the following characteristic is shared among fungi and animals?

Select one:

a. autotrophic

b. heterotrophic

c. cell walls

d. absorb nutrients

Question 13

A error in DNA replication that goes unrepaired is a â¦

Select one:

a. chromosome

b. chromatid

c. mutation

d. none of the above

Question 14

Alternate forms of a gene are called ________.

Select one:

a. chromatids

b. chromosomes

c. ribosomal subunits

d. alleles

Question 15

The physical expression of a genotype is the phenotype.

Select one:

True

False

Question 16

In complete dominance, a heterozygous genotype results in â¦

Select one:

a. a recessive phenotype

b. a dominant phenotype

c. a third and unique phenotype

d. none of the above

Question 17

Which theory explains the evolution of eukaryotes from prokaryotes?

Select one:

a. phagocytosis

b. endosymbiosis

c. pinocytosis

d. none of the above

Question 18

Which scientist experimented with plants to describe patterns of inheritance?

Select one:

a. Mendel

b. Chase

c. Einstein

d. Watson

Question 19

Which cellular organelle contains aerobic cellular respiration?

Select one:

a. chloroplasts

b. mitochondria

c. nucleus

d. lysosome

Question 20

Which of the following statements is false?

Select one:

a. Haploid gametes are formed by meiosis

b. Mitosis forms genetically identical daughter cells

c. Mitosis results in the formation of four daughter cells from a single parent cell

d. Mitosis forms diploid daughter cells from a diploid parent cell

Question 21

The first forms of life on Earth were ________.

Select one:

a. plants

b. microorganisms

c. birds

d. dinosaurs

Question 22

Which of the following is used to separate chromosomes during nuclear division?

Select one:

a. cytoskeleton

b. microtubules

c. actin and myosin

d. amoeboid movement

e. all of the above

Question 23

Which generation is most dominant in more primitive plants?

Select one:

a. bryophyte

b. sporophyte

c. gametophyte

d. androphyte

Question 24

Which of the following is characteristic of plants?

Select one:

a. autotrophic

b. contain chloroplasts

c. multicellular

d. all of the above

Question 25

During which phase of mitosis do chromosome line up along the middle of the cell?

Select one:

a. prophase

b. metaphase

c. anaphase

d. telophase

Question 26

During which phase of mitosis does DNA condense into distinct chromosomes?

Select one:

a. prophase

b. metaphase

c. anaphase

d. telophase

Question 27

The process by which DNA is used as a template to make new DNA is â¦

Select one:

a. translation

b. replication

c. transcription

d. allocation

Question 28

Which of the following is characteristic of plant but not animal cells?

Select one:

a. chloroplasts

b. water vacuole

c. cell wall

d. all of the above

Question 29

Which meiotic division is most like mitosis?

Select one:

a. Meiosis I

b. Meiosis II

c. Meiosis III

d. Meiosis IV

Question 30

Which enzyme catalyzes replication?

Select one:

a. DNA polymerase

b. RNA polymerase

c. Ribosome

d. all of the above

If an organismâs diploid chromosome number is 18, how many different possible combinations of homologous chromosomes lining up during meiosis exist for the eggs or sperm produced by that organism?

	A.	512
	B.	9
	C.	18
	D.	128
	E.	36

At the end of metaphase I, _______________ separate.

	A.	sister chromatids
	B.	germ cells
	C.	homologous chromosomes
	D.	haploid chromatids
	E.	centrioles

Mendel observed that dominant traits

	A.	are seen in all of the F1 hybrid pea plants in his experiments.
	B.	are expressed in all plants.
	C.	were absent in the F1 generation of pea plants that he used in his experiments.
	D.	were the only traits seen in the F2 generation of pea plants in his experiments.
	E.	are only expressed in hybrids.

Cytokinesis in plant cells differs from cytokinesis in animal cells because

	A.	there is no difference.
	B.	in plant cells, the cell plate must also divide into two parts.
	C.	the contractile protein, actin, is important only in plant cells.
	D.	plant cells have a rigid cell wall.
	E.	a contractile ring forms only in plant cells.

Sickle cell anemia is an example of what type of inheritance?

	A.	complete dominance
	B.	incomplete dominance
	C.	codominance
	D.	multiple alleles
	E.	recessive dominance

Which of the following statements is true:

	A.	The dominant allele is masked in homozygous dominant individuals.
	B.	With recessive genetic disorders, if both parents are carriers, the offspring will all be affected.
	C.	In carriers, the recessive allele causes an intermediate phenotype.
	D.	In recessive genetic disorders, the mother and/or father of an affected individual must also be affected.
	E.	With dominant genetic disorders, the mother and/or father of an affected individual must also be affected.

Skin cancers typically develop in the

	A.	upper layers of the epidermis.
	B.	lower layers of the dermis.
	C.	subcutaneous layer.
	D.	lower layers of the epidermis.
	E.	upper layers of the dermis.

Duchenne muscular dystrophy (MD) is inherited from an X-linked recessive allele. What is the probability that a son with Duchenne MD inherited this disease from his biological father?

	A.	1/2
	B.	0
	C.	1/16
	D.	1/4
	E.	1/8

The genetic makeup of a particular trait in an individual is its

	A.	genotype.
	B.	heterozygosity.
	C.	phenotype.
	D.	filial.
	E.	dominance.

What structure holds the sister chromatids to the spindle fibers?

	A.	chromatin
	B.	kinetochore
	C.	MPF
	D.	centromere
	E.	cyclin

If you view a cell in which the genetic material is beginning to be visible as separate bodies, and the nucleus has disappeared from view, you may surmise that the cells is in

	A.	telophase.
	B.	anaphase.
	C.	interphase.
	D.	metaphase.
	E.	prophase.

Gregor Mendel was successful in his analysis of the genetics of pea plants because

	A.	he examined and analyzed both the F1 and F2 generations.
	B.	he studied the parental plants to determine their differences.
	C.	he decided to only look at his results in an objective manner.
	D.	he studied a trait that had a strange inheritance pattern.
	E.	pea plants have genetics different from other organisms.

Tall corn plants (T) are dominant to dwarf plants (tt). Solid green leaves (G) are dominant to leaves with a white tip (gg). A cross between two corn plants yielded the following phenotypes: 51 tall plants with a white tip on their leaves; 43 dwarf plants with solid leaves; 48 dwarf plants with white tips on their leaves; 45 tall plants with solid leaves. What are the genotypes of the parents that produced these plants?

	A.	None of the above
	B.	TtGg x Ttgg
	C.	ttGG x TTgg
	D.	TtGg x TtGg
	E.	TtGg x ttgg

In humans, a gene that has been identified as causing a type of skin cancer is the

	A.	superwoman echidna.
	B.	mutant superman.
	C.	sonic hedgehog.
	D.	mutant mole rat.
	E.	superhero aardvark.

The segregation principle states that in sexually reproducing diploid organisms the two copies of each gene

	A.	segregate from each other during meiosis.
	B.	must always be the same allele.
	C.	separate from each other during mitosis.
	D.	will both wind up in either the sperm or egg.
	E.	move together as a unit during meiosis.

In what phases is the genetic material in the cell correctly referred to as chromatids?

	A.	metaphase and telophase
	B.	anaphase and metaphase
	C.	interphase and telophase
	D.	interphase and prophase
	E.	metaphase and prophase

Consider two traits for an organism, determined by two genes, each of which is governed by at least two alleles. In the case of a dihybrid individual, the gametes formed will be of either the parental type or the recombinant type. Recombinant type gametes are formed because of

	A.	the principle of dihybrids.
	B.	multiple alleles.
	C.	heterozygosity.
	D.	incomplete dominance.
	E.	independent assortment.

An allele is

	A.	an alternate form of a gene.
	B.	always recessive.
	C.	the main factor determining a trait.
	D.	always one of a pair.
	E.	the dominant form of a gene.

After the DNA is replicated, and it condenses in prophase, two identical rods of DNA are seen. These are

	A.	spindle fibers.
	B.	kinetochores.
	C.	chromatids.
	D.	chromatin.
	E.	centromeres.

Special cells found in the gonads that give rise to gametes upon division are called

	A.	egg cells.
	B.	somatic cells.
	C.	germ cells.
	D.	stem cells.
	E.	basal cells.

BIOL 1002 Chapter : BIOL 1002 Chapter 21 Notes Only

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