BIOL 1002 Chapter : Chapter 34

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2/22/2016

Chapter 34

Nutrition and Digestion

34.1 What Nutrients Do Animals Need?

Nutrients are substances obtained from the environment that organisms need for

their growth and survival

–Nutrients fall into six major categories

–Carbohydrates

–Lipids

–Proteins

–Minerals

–Vitamins

–Water

34.1 What Nutrients Do Animals Need?

Most energy is provided by carbohydrates and fats

–Cells rely on a supply of energy to maintain their complexity and wide range of

activities; without this energy, cells die within minutes

–Nutrients that supply energy are lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins

–These molecules are broken down by digestion to their subunits, which are used

during cellular respiration

–Energy from these subunits is released and is captured in ATP

34.1 What Nutrients Do Animals Need?

Energy from nutrients is measured in calories

–A calorie is the amount of energy required to raise 1 gram of water 1 degree

Celsius

–Food calorie content is measured in units of 1,000 calories (kilocalories), also

known as Calories (capital “C”)

34.1 What Nutrients Do Animals Need?

Energy from nutrients is measured in calories (continued)

–The average human burns 70 Calories per hour at rest, and up to 20 Calories per

minute during exercise

–However, people differ in metabolic rate, the speed at which cellular reactions that

release energy will occur

–Exercise significantly boosts Caloric requirements

34.1 What Nutrients Do Animals Need?

Carbohydrates are a source of quick energy

–Carbohydrates include glucose, sucrose, and polysaccharides, long chains of sugar

molecules

–Cellulose, starch, and glycogen are all polysaccharides composed of chains of

glucose

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2/22/2016

glucose

34.1 What Nutrients Do Animals Need?

Carbohydrates are a source of quick energy (continued)

–Cellulose is the major structural component of plant cell walls

–Starch is the principle energy-storage material of plants

–Glycogen is used by animals for short-term energy storage

34.1 What Nutrients Do Animals Need?

Fats and oils are the most concentrated energy source

–Fats and oils contain over twice as many Calories per unit weight as do

carbohydrates or proteins

– When an animal’s diet provides more energy than it expends, most of the excess

carbohydrates and fats are stored as body fat

–Fat is hydrophobic, and so neither attracts nor dissolves in water, as

carbohydrates and proteins do

–Because of this, stored fat does not accumulate water, and so more energy can

be stored per unit of weight from fats than from other molecules

–Fat deposits also provide insulation for animals living in cold environments, such as

seals, whales, and walruses

Fat Provides Insulation

34.1 What Nutrients Do Animals Need?

Fats and oils are the most concentrated energy source (continued)

–The body mass index (BMI) is a common tool for estimating a healthy weight

–A BMI between 18.5 and 24.9 is considered healthy

–The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention estimate that about 33% of

all U.S. adults are overweight (BMI between 25 and 29.9) and an addition 33%

are obese (BMI of 30 or more)

34.1 What Nutrients Do Animals Need?

Essential nutrients provide raw materials

–Our cells can synthesize most of the molecules our bodies require, but they cannot

synthesize certain raw materials, called essential nutrients, which must be supplied

in the diet

–Essential nutrients for humans include certain fatty acids and amino acids, a variety

of minerals and vitamins, and water

34.1 What Nutrients Do Animals Need?

Certain fatty acids are essential in the human diet

–Fats and oils provide a source of energy, but also provide essential fatty acids

–Essential fatty acids serve as raw materials used to synthesize molecules in a wide

range of physiological activities

–They help us to absorb fat-soluble vitamins, and are important in cell division,

fetal development, and the immune response

–

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fetal development, and the immune response

–Sources of essential fatty acids are fish oils, canola oil, soybean oil, flaxseed, and

walnuts

34.1 What Nutrients Do Animals Need?

Amino acids form the building blocks of protein

–In the digestive tract, protein from food is broken down into its amino acid

subunits, which can be used to synthesize new proteins

–Proteins perform many functions in the body, acting as enzymes, receptors on cell

membranes, oxygen transport molecules, structural proteins, antibodies, and

muscle proteins

34.1 What Nutrients Do Animals Need?

Amino acids form the building blocks of protein (continued)

–Humans are unable to synthesize 9 or 10 of the 20 amino acids needed to make

proteins

–Those amino acids that cannot be synthesized must be obtained in the diet, and

are called essential amino acids

–Essential amino acids can be obtained from protein-rich foods such as meat,

milk, eggs, corn, beans, and soybeans

–Protein deficiency can result in a number of debilitating conditions, including

kwashiorkor

Kwashiorkor is Caused by Protein Deficiency

34.1 What Nutrients Do Animals Need?

Minerals are elements required by the body

–Minerals are elements that play many crucial roles in animal nutrition and can only

be obtained in the diet or dissolved in drinking water

–Calcium, magnesium, and phosphorus are major constituents of bone and teeth

–Sodium, calcium, and potassium are needed for muscle contraction and the

conduction of nerve impulses

–Iron is a central component of hemoglobin in the blood, and iodine is found in

hormones produced by the thyroid gland

–Animals also require trace amounts of zinc, magnesium, copper, and chromium

34.1 What Nutrients Do Animals Need?

Vitamins play many roles in metabolism

–Vitamins are organic molecules that animals require in small amounts for normal

cell function, growth, and development

–Many vitamins are required for the proper functioning of enzymes that control

metabolic reactions in the body

–Vitamins are essential nutrients that the body cannot synthesize and must be

obtained in the diet

–

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Document Summary

Nutrients are substances obtained from the environment that organisms need for their growth and survival. Most energy is provided by carbohydrates and fats. Cells rely on a supply of energy to maintain their complexity and wide range of activities; without this energy, cells die within minutes. Nutrients that supply energy are lipids, carbohydrates, and proteins. These molecules are broken down by digestion to their subunits, which are used during cellular respiration. Energy from these subunits is released and is captured in atp. Energy from nutrients is measured in calories. A calorie is the amount of energy required to raise 1 gram of water 1 degree. Food calorie content is measured in units of 1,000 calories (kilocalories), also known as calories (capital c ) Energy from nutrients is measured in calories (continued) The average human burns 70 calories per hour at rest, and up to 20 calories per minute during exercise.

Related Questions

The digestion process begins at the mouth. Food enters and then accessory digestive organs like the tongue, teeth, and salivary glands break down the substance. It then travels through the pharynx and esophagus into the stomach, where the stomach acid further breaks down the food (UXL Complete Health Resource). After that, the food travels through the small and large intestines where a majority of its nutrients are absorbed. The waste then exits through the end of the large intestine which is made up of the rectum and anus. After the teeth assist in chewing, food rolls over the tongue and reaches stomach through the esophagus within 8 seconds. General Tsoâs Chicken and Rice consist of carbohydrates, fats and proteins. However, carbohydrates are digested easily than the fats and proteins. After broken down in the stomach, most of the nutrients are absorbed from the small intestine, and it takes 6 to 8 hours to pass through small intestine. The remaining unabsorbed material, âmoves very slowly through the large intestine where the final absorption of water and other nutrients take placeâ (UXL Complete Health Resource). The parasympathetic nervous system encourages the food to move through the digestive tract and motivates digestion process. The sympathetic nervous system works against the parasympathetic nervous system by decreasing the contraction and relaxation of the digestive tract (Taylor). Mouth produces saliva, which contains amylase. Amylase is key in digesting carbohydrates. The stomach produces hydrochloric acid, pepsinogen, intrinsic factor, and mucus (Taylor). Hydrochloric acid kills the bacteria and other organisms that enter the stomach, and then continues to activate pepsinogen. Pepsinogen then changes into pepsin, which digests protein peptides. The pancreas produces trypsin, chymotrypsin, carboxypeptidases, lipases, and phospholipases. Trypsin, chymotrypsin, and carboxypeptidases digest proteins, whereas lipases, phospholipases digest lipid molecules. Small intestine produces lactase, sucrase, maltase, lipases, and peptidases. Lactase, sucrase, and maltase digest carbohydrates (UXL Complete Health Resource). Saliva glands, pancreas, liver, and gallbladder are the accessory organs of the digestive process. Saliva glands produce mucus and amylase which digests starch into simple sugars and binds food particles together, while lubricating the palette when one swallows. The pancreas produces amylase, lipases, and proteinases etc. These digestive juices are responsible for breaking down carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. The liver is the largest gland in the body, âIt produces bile salts to emulsify lipids. It detoxifies metabolic end products to protect the bodyâ (UXL Complete Health Resource). Gallbladder stores bile juice. The chicken in the General Tsoâs contains proteins. Proteins cannot be digested in mouth. However, the mouth can physically digest chicken into smaller pieces. These partially digested chicken pieces travel to stomach, where it is digested by pepsin. The pancreas produces trypsin, chymotrypsin, carboxypeptidases, lipases, and phospholipases (UXL Complete Health Resource). The chicken is then digested by trypsin, chymotrypsin, and carboxypeptidases in the duodenum of the small intestine. After the complete digestion, the chickenâs proteins change into amino acids, which are then absorbed into blood. The rice of the General Tsoâs is a carbohydrate. Carbohydrates are partially digested inside the mouth by amylase. The rest of the rice travels to the stomach where it is digested by pancreatic juices and enzymes that are produced by small intestine. The digestion of the rice produces monosaccharides that absorb into the blood stream. The left over, and undigested parts of the chicken and rice that are useless to the body are excreted by large intestine through rectum.

1) Based on your finding in the Module 3 Report, begin the Module 4 Report by identifying which metabolites are being absorbed and specifically which vessels of the cardiovascular or lymphatic system are the initial vessel of transport from the digestive system. 2) From the point that the specific metabolites are absorbed from the GI tract, trace the path of the resulting metabolites to the following locations in the body for incorporation into the body structure: Metabolites of protein for use in the Gastrocnemius muscle for muscle maintenance. Metabolites of the carbohydrates for energy to contract the cardiac muscle cells. Metabolites of fat to incorporate into the myelin sheaths of the Schwann cells of the Trigeminal nerve that innervates the Masseter muscle. Water for incorporation into the synovial fluid of the hip joint. Iron for incorporation into red blood cells in the bone marrow of the sternum.

maroonguinea-pig686

Food that we consume is composed of very complex molecules. During the digestive process these compounds are broken down into smaller and smaller subunits in preparation for use by the body as building blocks needed for the many components of the human body. The digestion process begins at the mouth. Food enters and then accessory digestive organs like the tongue, teeth, and salivary glands break down the substance. It then travels through the pharynx and esophagus into the stomach, where the stomach acid further breaks down the food (UXL Complete Health Resource). After that, the food travels through the small and large intestines where a majority of its nutrients are absorbed. The waste then exits through the end of the large intestine which is made up of the rectum and anus. After the teeth assist in chewing, food rolls over the tongue and reaches stomach through the esophagus within 8 seconds. General Tsoâs Chicken and Rice consist of carbohydrates, fats and proteins. However, carbohydrates are digested easily than the fats and proteins. After broken down in the stomach, most of the nutrients are absorbed from the small intestine, and it takes 6 to 8 hours to pass through small intestine. The remaining unabsorbed material, âmoves very slowly through the large intestine where the final absorption of water and other nutrients take placeâ (UXL Complete Health Resource). The parasympathetic nervous system encourages the food to move through the digestive tract and motivates digestion process. The sympathetic nervous system works against the parasympathetic nervous system by decreasing the contraction and relaxation of the digestive tract (Taylor). Mouth produces saliva, which contains amylase. Amylase is key in digesting carbohydrates. The stomach produces hydrochloric acid, pepsinogen, intrinsic factor, and mucus (Taylor). Hydrochloric acid kills the bacteria and other organisms that enter the stomach, and then continues to activate pepsinogen. Pepsinogen then changes into pepsin, which digests protein peptides. The pancreas produces trypsin, chymotrypsin, carboxypeptidases, lipases, and phospholipases. Trypsin, chymotrypsin, and carboxypeptidases digest proteins, whereas lipases, phospholipases digest lipid molecules. Small intestine produces lactase, sucrase, maltase, lipases, and peptidases. Lactase, sucrase, and maltase digest carbohydrates (UXL Complete Health Resource). Saliva glands, pancreas, liver, and gallbladder are the accessory organs of the digestive process. Saliva glands produce mucus and amylase which digests starch into simple sugars and binds food particles together, while lubricating the palette when one swallows. The pancreas produces amylase, lipases, and proteinases etc. These digestive juices are responsible for breaking down carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. The liver is the largest gland in the body, âIt produces bile salts to emulsify lipids. It detoxifies metabolic end products to protect the bodyâ (UXL Complete Health Resource). Gallbladder stores bile juice. The chicken in the General Tsoâs contains proteins. Proteins cannot be digested in mouth. However, the mouth can physically digest chicken into smaller pieces. These partially digested chicken pieces travel to stomach, where it is digested by pepsin. The pancreas produces trypsin, chymotrypsin, carboxypeptidases, lipases, and phospholipases (UXL Complete Health Resource). The chicken is then digested by trypsin, chymotrypsin, and carboxypeptidases in the duodenum of the small intestine. After the complete digestion, the chickenâs proteins change into amino acids, which are then absorbed into blood. The rice of the General Tsoâs is a carbohydrate. Carbohydrates are partially digested inside the mouth by amylase. The rest of the rice travels to the stomach where it is digested by pancreatic juices and enzymes that are produced by small intestine. The digestion of the rice produces monosaccharides that absorb into the blood stream. The left over, and undigested parts of the chicken and rice that are useless to the body are excreted by large intestine through rectum. 1) Based on your finding in the Module 3 Report, begin the Module 4 Report by identifying which metabolites are being absorbed and specifically which vessels of the cardiovascular or lymphatic system are the initial vessel of transport from the digestive system. 2) From the point that the specific metabolites are absorbed from the GI tract, trace the path of the resulting metabolites to the following locations in the body for incorporation into the body structure: Metabolites of protein for use in the Gastrocnemius muscle for muscle maintenance. Metabolites of the carbohydrates for energy to contract the cardiac muscle cells. Metabolites of fat to incorporate into the myelin sheaths of the Schwann cells of the Trigeminal nerve that innervates the Masseter muscle. Water for incorporation into the synovial fluid of the hip joint. Iron for incorporation into red blood cells in the bone marrow of the sternum.

ivoryhorse368

__________ are fairly small organelles that provide a safe place within the cell to carry out certain biochemical reactions that generate harmful, highly reactive oxygen species. These chemicals are both generated and broken down in the same location.

Lysosomes

Endosomes

Peroxisomes

Nucleosomes

Biologists cannot possibly study all living species. Instead, they try to understand cell behavior by studying a select subset of them. Which of the following characteristics are useful in an organism chosen for use as a model in laboratory studies?

rapid rate of reproduction

all of the above

ability to grow under controlled conditions

amenability to genetic manipulation

By definition, prokaryotic cells do not possess __________.

ribosomes.

a nucleus.

membrane bilayers.

replication machinery.

Cell biologists employ targeted fluorescent dyes or modified fluorescent proteins in both standard fluorescence microscopy and confocal microscopy to observe specific details in the cell. Even though fluorescence permits better visualization, the resolving power is essentially the same as that of a standard light microscope because the resolving power of a microscope is limited by the __________ of light.

intensity

absorption

wavelength

filtering

Choose the phrase that best completes this sentence: Microtubules ____________ and are required to pull duplicated chromosomes to opposite poles of dividing cells.

generate contractile forces

can rapidly reorganize

are found in especially large numbers in muscle cells

are intermediate in thickness

Despite the differences between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells, prokaryotes have proteins that are distantly related to eukaryotic actin filaments and microtubules. What is likely to be the most ancient function of the cytoskeleton?

cell division

cell motility

vesicle transport

membrane support

DNA and RNA are different types of nucleic acid polymer. Which of the following is true of DNA but not true of RNA?

It contains thymine.

It has 5'-to-3' directionality.

It is single-stranded.

It contains uracil.

Double covalent bonds are both shorter and stronger than single covalent bonds, but they also limit the geometry of the molecule because they ____________________.

prevent additional bonds from being formed with the bonded atoms.

limit the rotation of the bonded atoms.

create a new arrangement of electron shells.

change the reactivity of the bonded atoms.

Drosophila melanogaster is a/an __________. This type of animal is the most abundant of all animal species, making it an appropriate choice as an experimental model.

mammal

amphibian

bird

insect

10.

If the isotope 32S has 16 protons and 16 neutrons, how many protons, neutrons, and electrons will the isotope 35S have, respectively?

16, 19, 17

16, 19, 15

16, 19, 16

16, 20, 15

11.

Living systems are incredibly diverse in size, shape, environment, and behavior. It is estimated that there are between 10 million and 100 million different species. Despite this wide variety of organisms, it remains difficult to define what it means to say something is alive. Which of the following can be described as the smallest living unit?

cell

organelle

protein

DNA

12.

Macromolecules in the cell can often interact transiently as a result of noncovalent interactions. These weak interactions also produce stable, highly specific interactions between molecules. Which of the factors below is the most significant in determining whether the interaction will be transient or stable?

the concentration of each molecule

the size of each molecule

surface complementarity between molecules

the rate of synthesis

13.

Many of the mechanisms that cells use for maintenance and reproduction were first studied at the molecular level in bacteria. Which bacterial species had a central role in advancing the field of molecular biology?

E. coli

S. pombe

C. elegans

D. melanogaster

14.

Many types of cells have stores of lipids in their cytoplasm, usually seen as fat droplets. What is the lipid most commonly found in these droplets?

cholesterol

isoprene

triacylglycerol

palmitic acid

15.

Mitochondria contain their own genome, are able to duplicate, and actually divide on a different time line from the rest of the cell. Nevertheless, mitochondria cannot function for long when isolated from the cell because they are __________________.

anaerobes.

viruses.

parasites.

endosymbionts.

16.

Mitochondria perform cellular respiration, a process that uses oxygen, generates carbon dioxide, and produces chemical energy for the cell. Which answer below indicates a correct pairing of material âburnedâ and the form of energy produced during cellular respiration?

17.

Polar covalent bonds are formed when the electrons in the bond are not shared equally between the two nuclei. Which one of these molecules contains polar bonds?

BIOL 1002 Chapter : Chapter 34

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