BIOL 1209 Chapter : 20140422 161014

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azuremammoth471

15 Mar 2019

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Social class of your parents can predict your social status when you grow up: social mobility- moving up or down in society. Stratification is the system and inequality is the strategy that we use. Given income, we are up there in inequality. We judge those that are lower than us and the lower people feel more judged. People feel bad about themselves when they are judged just because they have less than other people. Video: people want to buy items so they can feel like they fit in, 41% of blacks have high blood pressure, and 27% of whites do. This could be: people want to work harder when they see people have something that they due to inequality. don"t have, finland and denmark have much higher social mobility, unequal countries: people work longer and spend more. Hypothetical ladder- people are climbing it intergenerational mobility- between consistent status consistency generations (your parents and yours).

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You are a physician who just completed medical school. The United States of America is undergoing a lot of restructuring of the medical field so you are trying to educate yourself on political candidates to make sure you agree with their policies that will affect your job directly. There is a presidential primary approaching and the two candidates from your political party have come to a local hospital to debate their health care policy plans.
The debate quickly turns to HIV/AIDS as a lot of money is dedicated to a disease that affects an estimated 0.4% of the US population1. It is predicted that the federal government will allocate
25.3 billion USD on HIV research, prevention, testing, and treatment in 2016.2
Candidate 1, Thrif T. Fellows, thinks this level of spending is excessive and recommends reducing HIV funding and allocating those monies into other health-related programs. The candidate cites that despite the large amounts of money directed to HIV prevention and treatment there are more people living with HIV/AIDS than ever before. Therefore, the resources committed to HIV prevention and treatment have not made a difference. Additionally, he states that the majority of people who are HIV positive are aware of their status already so there is no need to continue pouring resources into testing.
Candidate 2, Biggs Pender, argues that the HIV/AIDS funding has actually decreased the number of new infections. This has been achieved by increased screening, drug development, and supplementing the medical care of HIV positive individuals who cannot afford their medication without assistance. The HIV/AIDS epidemic is closely associated with poverty. Therefore, cutting funding for HIV/AIDS prevention and treatment will put impoverished populations at even greater risk.
Using the provided documents, decide which candidate has a better grasp of the HIV epidemic in the US. Should the funds dedicated to HIV prevention and treatment should be allocated to other public health issues? Compose a letter to the editor of the local paper to share your analysis.
Instructions:
This is an exercise in using data to solve problems. You are provided with a scenario, prompt, and a series of documents. You must use the documents provided to formulate a decision. You need to clearly state which candidate Mr. Fellows or Mr. Pender has the better HIV funding policy and refer to the data from the documents to justify your choice.
You will be judged on the accuracy and thoroughness of your justification, your clarity in stating your point, and the organization of your arguments. Write in proper English grammar using full sentences.
Attachments:
Document A: excerpt from âTodayâs HIV/AIDS Epidemicâ (CDC)
Document B: HIV or AIDS Diagnoses from 1982 â 2014 (CDC, Annual HIV Surveillance Reports)
Document C: excerpt from âTrends in US HIV Diagnoses 2005-2014â (CDC)
Document D: excerpt from âCommunities in Crisis: Is there a generalized HIV epidemic in impoverished urban areas in the United States?â (NHBS-HET-1)
Center for Disease Control and Prevention
www.aids.gov
Document B: Annual HIV or AIDS diagnoses in the United States of America from 1982 â
2014. Source: CDC Annual HIV Surveillance Reports
Document C: excerpt from âTrends in U.S. HIV Diagnoses, 2005-2014â published by The Center for Disease Control and Prevention, February 2016.

Document D: excerpt from âCommunities in Crisis: Is There a Generalized HIV
Epidemic in Impoverished Urban Areas of the United States?â by Paul Denning,
MD, MPH and Elizabeth DiNenno, PhD
Data from National HIV Behavioral Surveillance System for Heterosexuals âRound
1 (NHBS-HET-1)

tanworm440

Provides substantial and thoughtful response, reflection â in-depth and detailed for the following post. Please don't copy past from the web

Tetanus; infamously known as lockjaw. This disease is found worldwide. Non-communicable diseases that will literally make your muscles tighten. Tetanus is not your typical disease. It is not spread person to person but through scraps, cuts, or any open wounds that break the skin. The incubation period for the disease is anywhere from 3-21 days depending on the wound and how contaminated the object was. The bacterium enters through these wounds and attacks the body affecting mostly the muscles. Most cases occur in people who are not vaccinated or do not maintain their boosters. Boosters are needed every ten years to prevent the disease. Although we cannot prevent injuries that cause the body harm we can prevent the disease from affecting our bodies through vaccination administration.

Tetanus cannot be tested but is diagnosed by physical examination conducted by a licensed physician. The diagnosis is based off physical examination and the reports from the patients about the symptoms they are experiencing. Some of those symptoms include; seizures, body aches, muscle spasms, jaw cramping, difficulty swallowing, headaches, fever, sweating, changes in blood pressure, and changes in their heart rate. Other complications can develop depending on a person's individual health and health history.

The best way to prevent Tetanus is by preventing it with the Tetanus vaccination and the boosters that are needed every ten years. This vaccination could be administered by a number of ways. There are four different types of combinations that include the Tetanus vaccination; Diphtherias & Tetanus (DT), Diphtherias, Tetanus, & Pertussis (DTaP), Tetanus & Diphtherias (Td), and Tetanus, Diphtherias, & Pertussis (Tdap).Tetanus is administered at six weeks old, ten weeks old, and fourteen weeks old. Boosters are given three different times during childhood to keep the children up to date on vaccinations that prevent the disease. People affected by Tetanus are not immune to getting Tetanus again like some other known diseases.

According to the CDC (Center for Disease Control) in their article about Tetanus they reported that Tetanus cases have been on the decline by more than 95% because of the increase in vaccinations being distributed worldwide. The CDC also reported that deaths in the United States are on the decline and have declined more than 99%. According to WHO (World Health Organization) in 2016 there are only 13, 502 reported cases globally. They also reported that 86% of the world is covered by the Tetanus vaccination. According to the World Health Organization there are currently 8 countries in the world that have 50% of their population affected by Tetanus. The other 50% are reported to have received their Tetanus vaccination. Majority of those countries are found in the middle of Africa. There are currently 27 countries in the world that 50-79% of their population who have received their vaccinations. There are also 130 countries that have over 90% of their population who have been vaccinated.

Tetanus is a vaccine preventable disease in which everyone can be affected by. Vaccinations are currently a controversial topic everywhere. Vaccinations play an important role in helping prevent disease like Tetanus.

References:

1. About Tetanus. (article). Retrieved September 1, 2017 from https://www.cdc.gov/tetanus/about/index.html

2. Tetanus. (article). Retrieved August 30, 2017 from www.who.int/immunization/diseases/tetanus/en/

silverraven404

CASE STUDY

It used to be that epidemiologists at the CDC only knew that you had the flu when you visited your doctor and the doc- tor then reported that information to other agencies. By the time this information made its way to the CDC or state health departments, it was often several days old, which meant that the medical community was always playing catch-up. And of course, your doctor was only aware of your illness if you showed up at his office, not when you decided to tough it out at home. Nowadays, however, before you ever go to the doc- tor, you are likely to search the Internet for âflu symptoms,â tweet your suddenly declining health status, or Instagram yourself lying in bed. Study the case below, which shows how the Internet and social media have impacted the field of epi- demiology, and then answer the questions that follow.

Google Used to Predict Influenza Outbreaksâ2008

In 2008, Google launched Google Flu Trends, an applica- tion that compiles aggregated data from key word searches

for clinical terms, such as thermometer, chest congestion, muscle aches, or flu symptoms. Google reports the data on a website, which then provides an early-warning system for the locations of new flu outbreaks. Because the data are collected from searches performed each day, trends in flu symptoms become apparent much more quickly than when they are based on data reported during office vis- its or in lab reports from physicians around the country. When the CDC compared actual cases over the course of a year with Googleâs findings, the data from the two sources matched.

Initially, Google was only compiling information about flu trends in the United States and Canada. But after the H1N1 virus appeared in Mexico in 2009, the CDC asked Google to go back and look at Internet searches conducted by people in Mexico during that time. Evaluation of the data indicated that Google detected an uptick several days before the CDC did (Figure 23.1).

1,200 1,000 800 600 400 200 0

Influenza activity

1113151719212325272931 2 4 6 8 1012141618202224262830 2

Suspected Confirmed

Mar

Apr

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High Moderate

Low Minimal

Jul Aug Sep

Oct Nov

Dec Jan

Feb Mar

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Figure 23.1 2009 Inflenza activity (a) Data from the Centers for Disease Control, based on physical examination by health care providers, shows a peak in influenza cases in late April. (b) Google âFlu Trendsâ shows an influenza peak in February.

No. of cases

Case Study Exercise 23 Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 199

Epidemic tracking based on Internet searches reflects what is called collective intelligence. It works because indi- viduals using their personal computers tend to search for terms related to their immediate needs and intentions, and they generally do this before presenting in a doctorâs office or emergency room. The methodology used in the Google search was published in the prestigious science journal Nature, and another independent study has been published about a similar search analysis conducted by Yahoo, showing that it was effective in predicting flu trends.

Some people worry that data collected from Internet searches may compromise individualsâ privacy. However,

Google maintains that Flu Trends cannot be used to iden- tify individual users because the data are anonymous and are aggregated before being presented. Another potential drawback is that this data collection method is less likely to be useful for tracking epidemics in societies having a low percentage of computer ownership, namely, developing countries. However, considering the high stakes involved in identifying an epidemic quickly, Internet search term analy- sis holds great promise for public health. And, unlike most health innovations, itâs free!

3. How might data collected in this way not be representative of a particular population?

4. Explain why the two graphs in Figure 23.1 do not show influenza activity peaking at the same time.

6. In 2013, Google Flu Trends vastly overestimated the number of cases of the flu in the United States. One explanation for this was that there was a greater than usual number of media reports about influenza early in the flu season. Based on your knowledge of how Flu Trends works, explain why Google missed the mark in 2013

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BIOL 1209 Chapter : 20140422 161014

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