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1. Which of the following is not true of the nervous system?
Consists of central and peripheral systems
(b) Central nervous system is composed of brain and spinal cord
(c) Ganglia are part of brain
(d) Meninges are membranes that cover brain and spinal cord
(e) Normally free of microbes
2. Which of the following is a common cause of meningitis in nonimmunized young children?
(a) Streptococcus pneumoniae
(b) Escherichia coli
(c) Staphylococcus
(d) Haemophilus influenzae
(e) None of the above
3. A complication of infection with this organism (Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome) can occur if the organism becomes widely distributed in the body, leading to endotoxin shock and death. The organism is:
(a) Haemophilus influenzae type A
(b) Neisseria meningitidis
(c) Haemophilus influenzae type B
(d) Streptococcus pneumoniae
(e) Listeria monocytogenes
4. Which of the following bacterial meningitis diseases currently is the most common type in the U.S., with increased incidences in infants and in the 15- to 24-year-old age group, and has three types or strains of the infectious microbe?
(a) Haemophilus meningitis
(b) Listeriosis
(c) Streptococcus meningitis
(d) Meningococcal meningitis
(e) a and c
5. Before development of a vaccine against this microbe, the disease it caused accounted for two-thirds of bacterial meningitis cases during the first year of life but is still the number one leading cause of mental retardation in patients who survive serious disease due to permanent central nervous system disorders. What is the microorganism?
(a) Haemophilus influenzae type B
(b) Haemophilus influenzae type A
(c) Neisseria meningitidis
(d) Streptococcus pneumoniae
(e) Listeria monocytogenes
6. Which of the following bacteria that may cause meningitis is Gram-positive and therefore does not cause endotoxin shock in infected individuals?
(a) Escherichia coli
(b) Neisseria meningitidis
(c) Listeria monocytogenes
(d) Haemophilus influenzae type B
(e) None of these
7. Avid swimmers and hot tub enthusiasts sometimes acquire an opportunistic infection caused by Naegleria fowleri that results in a meningoencephalitis. This organism is a (an):
(a) Protist
(b) Helminth
(c) Bacteria
(d) Amoeba
(e) a and d
8. Which of the following in NOT true about listeriosis?
(a) Foodborne transmission is the most common source of infection.
(b) It is a leading cause of bacterial meningitis today.
(c) It is responsible for many cases of fetal damage and death.
(d) It is sometimes acquired as a zoonosis.
(e) Individuals with impaired immune systems are highly susceptible to this disease.
9. Viral meningitis is usually always fatal if untreated, unlike bacterial meningitis, which is always self-limiting and nonfatal. True or false?
10. Which of the following is acid-fast and causes Hansen's disease?
(a) Mycobacterium tuberculosis
(b) Clostridium tetani
(c) Neisseria meningitidis
(d) Haemophilus influenzae
(e) Mycobacterium leprae
11. An immunofluorescent antibody test (IFAT) has replaced the older test for the presence of inclusions in neurons (Negri bodies) for the detection of infections caused by:
(a) Neisseria meningitidis
(b) Enteroviruses
(c) Mumps virus
(d) Rabies virus
(e) Haemophilus influenza
12. The viruses that cause encephalitis are most likely to be:
(a) Togaviruses
(b) Enteroviruses
(c) Mumps virus
(d) Rabies virus
(e) Hepatitis viruses
13. What do the following viral encephalitis diseases have in common: eastern equine encephalitis, western equine encephalitis, Venezuelan equine encephalitis, St. Louis encephalitis, West Nile fever?
(a) They are all caused by the same virus.
(b) They are have the horse as a common intermediate host.
(c) They are all transmitted into the body through the bite of an infected mosquito.
(d) Birds are never involved in the life cycle of the viruses that cause these diseases.
(e) Both a and d.
14. The only bacterium known to damage peripheral nerves is:
(a) Naegleria fowleri
(b) Mycobacterium leprae
(c) Streptococcus pneumoniae
(d) Neisseria meningitidis
(e) Haemophilus influenzae
15. All of the following are true about Clostridium tetani, the causative agent of tetanus, EXCEPT:
(a) They are spore-forming rods.
(b) They are part of the normal bowel microflora of horses, cattle, and humans.
(c) They produce a powerful exotoxin that mediates the disease.
(d) Their toxin elicits muscle stiffness, spasms, and paralysis in the victim.
(e) They require oxygen to survive.
16. A vaccine that was developed in 1933 has proven effective in reducing the incidence of disease caused by:
(a) Clostridium botulinum
(b) Mycobacterium leprae
(c) Clostridium tetani
(d) Streptococcus pneumoniae
(e) Listeria monocytogenes
17. The most common form of disease caused by Clostridium botulinum is:
(a) Infant
(b) Wound
(c) Lung, following exposure to aerosols
(d) Foodborne
(e) None of these
18. The endospores of this organism are the most heat-resistant known; it is:
(a) Clostridium tetani
(b) Clostridium botulinum
(c) Mycobacterium leprae
(d) Streptococcus thermicos
(e) Listeria monocytogenes
19. All of the following are true about Clostridium botulinum, the causative agent of botulism, EXCEPT:
(a) Their ability to form toxin depends on infection with a bacteriophage.
(b) They can produce one of eight different toxins, all of which cause human disease.
(c) They produce the most potent toxin known.
(d) Although their endospores are highly heat-resistant, their toxin can be inactivated by only a few minutes' boiling.
(e) All of the above are true.
20. All of the following are true about poliomyelitis EXCEPT:
(a) Most poliovirus infections are inapparent or mild and nonparalytic.
(b) Polio can be caused by three strains of picornaviruses.
(c) The Salk vaccine contains live, attenuated polioviruses while the Sabin vaccine contains formalin-inactivated polioviruses.
(d) Transmission is by the fecal-oral route and pharyngeal secretions.
(e) Poliomyelitis has afflicted man for thousands of years.
