BIOL 2160 Chapter : BIOL 2160 Chapter 3 Notes For Exam 1

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azuremammoth471

15 Mar 2019

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Types of metabolic reactions: chemical reactions, hydrolysis and condensation, phosphorylation and dephosphorylation, oxidation-reduction, chemical reactions, reactants (substrates) products, a + b c + d, directions of reaction, forward, reverse. Coupling reactions: energy from energy-releasing reaction used to drive energy-requiring reaction, the energy we produce as we break down something is transferred to energy we need while building something else. Energy of equilibrium: reactant products, energy of molecules depends on concentration as well as structure, no net change in concentration of products or reactants, we are at disequilibrium when we are exercising and when we are eating. Mechanism of enzyme action: each type of enzyme has a characteristic 3-d shape (conformation, has ridges, grooves, pockets lined with specific amino acids that have charges on them and attract different substances, these pockets are called active sites. Lock and key model of enzyme action: see figure in book". Mitochondria providing for major atp production: we don"t breathe oxygen for our lungs!!!!!

Related Questions

1) Glycolysis and gluconeogenesis are tightly controlled. Which of the following are activators of glycolysis?

A. Acetyl-CoA, insulin, alanine, citrate, ATP

B. ATP, F2,6BP, F1,6BP, insulin

C. F2,6BP, AMP, ADP, F1,6BP, insulin

D. Acetyl-CoA, ATP, glucagon, alanine, citrate

2)Which statement does NOT explain, why many biochemical processes are carried out via multi-step pathways rather than by single-step reactions (or only a few steps)?

A. Multi-step pathways allow for more control points to regulate biochemical processes.

B. There is greater control over the amounts of energy that are consumed or released at any one time.

C. Sharing of intermediates between pathways is facilitated this way.

D. The end products of most pathways can usually be produced only by the pathway reactions that nature has evolved.

3) Substrate-level phosphorylation is a term given to product formation resulting in ________.

A) Lipid oxidation

B) Lipid hydrolysis

C) ADP Phosphorylation

D) ATP hydrolysis

The complete set of reactions carried out by an organism is called:

a. anabolism

b. catabolism

c. metabolism

Value: 2

The breakdown of starch is broken down to glucose is an example of:

a. anabolism

b. catabolism

c. metabolism

Value: 3

For the following statement, determine which description best describes the process: DNA is synthesized from free nucleotides.

a. anabolism

b. catabolism

c. metabolism

Value: 4

Fill in the blank: Catabolic reactions result in the synthesis of molecules of .............via cellular respiration. This is then used to power anabolic reactions.

Value: 5

The energy in organic molecules is released in a series of steps because:

a. it is not possible to release it in a single step.

b. more total energy is released in multiple steps than would be released in a single step

c. less total energy is released in multiple steps than would be released in a single step.

d. more energy can be harvested for cellular use in multiple steps than from a single step.

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photosynthesis

1-The light reaction of photosynthesis does not include

a. chemiosmosis

b. oxygen liberation

c. glucose synthesis

d. electron transport

Value: 2

Photosynthesis takes place in the membranes of small sacs called

a. thylakoids

b. photosystems

c. stroma

d. photons

Value: 3

During what stage of photosynthesis is O2 produced?

a. the light-dependent reactions involving photosystems I and II

b. carbon fixation

c. the Krebs cycle

d. O2 is not produced during photosynthesis

Value: 4

The pigment molecules responsible for photosynthesis are located in the

a. mitochondria

b. cytoplasm of the cell

c. stroma of the chloroplast

d. thylakoid membrane of the chloroplast

Value: 5

During what stage of photosynthesis are ATP and NADPH converted to ADP + Pi and NADP+?

a. the light-dependent reactions

b. the light-independent reactions

c. both of the above

d. none of the above

Value: 6

What energy-rich organic compound is produced as a result of the Calvin cycle?

a. ATP

b. NADPH

c. glucose

d. H2O

Value: 7

During photosynthesis, photons raise electrons to higher energy levels. These excited electrons belong to what compound?

a. water

b. ATP

c. chlorophyll

d. electron transport chain

Value: 8

Which of the following statements accurately describes the relationship between photosynthesis and cellular respiration?

a. photosynthesis occurs only in autotrophs; cellular respiration occurs only in heterotrophs

b. photosynthesis uses solar energy to convert inorganics to energy-rich organics; respiration breaks down energy-rich organics to synthesize ATP

c. photosynthesis involves the oxidation of glucose; respiration involves the reduction of CO2

d. the primary function of photosynthesis is to use solar energy to synthesize ATP; the primary function of cellular respiration is to break down ATP and release energy

3) The hydrolysis of sucrose to glucose and fructose is exergonic. However, if you dissolve sucrose in water and keep the solution overnight at room temperature, there is no detectable conversion to glucose and fructose. Why?

Select one:

a. The change in free energy of the reaction is negative.

b. The activation energy of the reaction is high.

c. The free energy of the products is higher than the free energy of the reactants.

d. This is a condensation reaction.

e. The change in free energy of the reaction is positive.

5) Competitive inhibition differs from non-competitive inhibition in that the ___1___ site is where we see competitive inhibition, while the non-competitive inhibitor __2___.

1. a. allosteric b. non-active c. active d. hydrophillic e. hydrophobic

2.
a. binds to the active site, thus blocking it
b. binds outside the active site, changing the shape of the enzyme
c. binds outside the active site, and blocks the active site

6) Phosphofructokinase is an enzyme, and as such it __1___ of the reaction. It is part of glycolysis, and is an example of an enzyme controlled by inhibition, as high levels of citrate (an intermediate further down the catabolic pathway) turns the enzyme off
(1)Select one:
a. lowers activation energy
b. lowers the ÎG
c. raises the Free Energy
(2)Select one
a. non-competitivenegative feedback
b. irreversible competitivereversible competitive.

15)The reactions in the pathways of glycolysis and the citric acid cycle harvest the high-energy electrons stored in glucose. Therefore, these pathways _______________.

Select one:

a. take place in animal cells, but not in plant cells
b. are catabolic pathways
c. are anabolic pathways
d. involve the reduction of glucose and its metabolic intermediates

21) In an exergonic chemical reaction, the products have less free energy than the reactants (-ÎG). Endergonic reactions require an input of energy (+ÎG). The addition of starting materials and the removal of end products prevent metabolism from reaching final equilibrium. Instead, the cell exists in a state of dynamic equilibrium.

Select one:
True
False

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BIOL 2160 Chapter : BIOL 2160 Chapter 3 Notes For Exam 1

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