SLHS 11500 Chapter Notes - Chapter Unit 1: Audiology, Hearing Aid, Sociolinguistics
25 Aug 2016
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Department
Course
Professor
Intro to Communicative Disorders Ch. 1
• Communication Disorder: impairs the ability to both receive/send/process concepts (verbal,
nonverbal and graphic info)
• Speech Disorder: atypical production of speech sounds (i.e. interruption of the flow of
speaking, abnormal production and/or voice quality)
• Language Disorder: impairment in comprehension or use of spoken/written/symbol based
communication
• Central Auditory Processing Disorders: deficits in the processing of info from audible signals
• Augmentative/Alternative Communication Systems: signing or use of digital methods of
communications
• The Professionals:
• Audiologists: specialists who measure hearing ability and identify, assess, manage
and prevent hearing/balance disorders
• Auditory Processing Disorders (APD): audiologist help compensate for these
disorders by fitting and dispensing hearing aids and other sound amplification
technology
• Licensed audiologist are independent health professionals
• Sills: good problem solver
• Credentials: 3-5 years beyond the bachelor’s degree, audiology doctorate
(AuD) or doctor of philosophy (PhD) or doctor of education (EuD) in audiology
-> Clinical Experience -> must pass a nation exam to be eligible for the
Certificate of Clinical Competence in Audiology (CCC-A) by the ASHA and a
state license
• Speech-Language Pathologists (SLP): identify, assess, treat and prevent
communication disorders (i.e. spoken, written, pictorial, manual), may work with
swallowing disorders
• Credentials: master’s or doctoral degree, have studied typical communication
and swallowing development; anatomy and physiology of speech, swallowing
and hearing mechanisms; phonetics; speech and hearing science; disorders
found in these areas
• Public school certification: advanced coursework, clinical practice in a
school, satisfactory score on state/national exam, need at least a
master’s degree maybe doctoral depending on the state
• ASHA Certificate of Clinical Competence in Speech-Language
Pathology (CCC-SLP): to an individual who has obtained a master’s
or doctorate, ongoing professional development must be
demonstrated through continuation of education
• Individual State License: a license is needed if you plan to engage in
private practice, hospital, or clinic apart from a public school
• Speech, Language and Hearing Scientists:
• Credentials: typically doctorate (PhD or EdD)
• Employment: universities, government agencies, industry, research centers
• Job Description:
• Speech Scientist: research exploring the anatomy, physiology and
physics of speech and sound production, investigate causes,
prevention and treatment of speech impairments, new technology
development
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• Language Scientists: study changes in language and dialects,
understanding language problems,cross-cultural study of language
and communication
• Hearing Scientists: investigate nature of sound, noise and hearing,
develop equipment to be used in assessing hearing develop
techniques for testing infant hearing, develop and improve assistive
listening device, conserving hearing
• Professional Aides (paraprofessionals or speech-language pathology or
audiology assistants): individuals who work closely with SLPs or audiologists,
support personnel permitted to perform tasks only under the instruction and
monitoring of a professional, requirements and responsibilities may vary
• A Team Approach: specialists work closely with family, educators,
psychologists, social workers, doctors, etc.
• Service through Lifespan:
• infants: detect early defective hearing or developmental delays
• young adults: world with school systems and kids of all grades to
address a wide range of communication and swallowing disorders
• adults: may have been in an accident and need rehabilitation services
• old age: may have deteriorated senses or speech that needs
assistance or therapy (stroke, etc.)
• Evidence Based Practice (EBP): using evidence and research to provide the
best assessment and intervention possible
• Efficacy: the probability of benefit from an intervention method under
ideal conditions
• refers to an identified population
• treatment protocol is focused
• research should be conducted under optimal conditions
• Effectiveness: the probability of benefit from an intervention method
under average conditions, “what works”, real world application
• Efficiency: application of the quickest method involving the least effort
and greatest positive benefit
• Communication Disorders in Historical Perspective: the disabled were left to
die -> 1700s effort were being made to help those who were unable to take
care of themselves -> first professional journal (The Voice) in 1879 ->
American Academy of Speech Correction 1925 -> ASHA 1978
• 1920s audiometers were first designed
• Interest surged in the 1940s after the war due to veteran trauma
• 1960s advancement of civil rights (including for those that are
disabled)
• American Coalition of Citizens with Disabilities 1974
• Education for All Handicapped Children Act 1975
• 1990 reauthorized the original law, renamed the Individuals with
Disabilities Education Act
• Human Communication
• Humans are Social animals
• Communication
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find more resources at oneclass.com
• exchange of ideas between sender(s) and receiver (s) to satisfy needs and
wants, reveal feelings, share info
• two-way: both speaker and listener involved
• co-construction: speaker and listener work together to construct the message
and repair errors in communication
• Sociolinguistics
• how cultural identity, setting and participants influence communication
• use different style of communication based on who you’re talking to
• Purposes of Communication
• to share or obtain knowledge, to communicate needs, to build relationships, etc.
• Means of Communication
• Language: a socially shared tool, rule governed, generative and dynamic
• symbols are arbitrary
• Generative: each utterance is freshly created
• there are no set utterances to be used
• Dynamic: languages change over time
• 5-6 new words are added to English each day
• Grammar: rules of a language — how wards are ‘marked’ and organized in
sentences (proper word order, proper syntax and use of grammar rules)
• Linguistic intuition: recognition of right/wrong grammar, even when we can’t explain
why it is right or wrong
• Three primary components: Form, Content, Use
• Language Form
• consists of Phonology, Morphology and Syntax
• Phonology: sound system of a language
• Phonotactic Rules: How sounds can be arranged in words
• Morphology: structure of words
• Morpheme: smallest grammatical unit
• Free Morpheme: may stand alone, as in one word (i.e. dog)
• Bound morpheme: cannot stand alone and usually added to a free
morpheme (‘kicking’ = kick and ing)
• Syntax: how words are arranged in a sentence
• Langauge Content: Semantics
• Semantics: the meaning of language
• Semantic Features: pieces of meaning that define a word
• ex: tiger and dog share the semantic feature of furry but ‘pet’ is a semantic
feature associated with dog
• Language Use: Pragmatics
• Pragmatics: refers to how and why we use language, varies with culture
• Ex: rules in American English (see text, Figure 2.2)
• Means of Communication
• Speech: acoustic representation of language
• Features:
• Articulation: how speech sounds are formed
• Fluency: smooth forward flow of communication
• Voice: components are Pitch, Loudness, Quality
• Pitch: listener’s perception of how high or low a sound id
• Habitual Pitch: pitch a speaker uses most of the time
• Intonation: Pitch change across an utterance
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
Document Summary
Communication disorder: impairs the ability to both receive/send/process concepts (verbal, 1 nonverbal and graphic info: speech disorder: atypical production of speech sounds (i. e. interruption of the ow of speaking, abnormal production and/or voice quality) Language disorder: impairment in comprehension or use of spoken/written/symbol based communication: central auditory processing disorders: de cits in the processing of info from audible signals, augmentative/alternative communication systems: signing or use of digital methods of communications. The professionals: audiologists: specialists who measure hearing ability and identify, assess, manage and prevent hearing/balance disorders, auditory processing disorders (apd): audiologist help compensate for these disorders by tting and dispensing hearing aids and other sound ampli cation technology. Licensed audiologist are independent health professionals: sills: good problem solver, credentials: 3-5 years beyond the bachelor"s degree, audiology doctorate (aud) or doctor of philosophy (phd) or doctor of education (eud) in audiology. > clinical experience -> must pass a nation exam to be eligible for the.
