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BISC208 Chapter Notes - Chapter 23: Allele, Gene Flow, Genetic Variation

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greycicada772
17 Feb 2018
School
University of Delaware
Department
Biological Sciences
Course
BISC208
Professor
Safran Catherine

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Document Summary

Tongue rolling: ability to curl a tongue on the sides (t) is dominant to not be able to roll a tongue. Jenny who can roll her tongue marries keith who cannot. Bob to not be able to roll his tongue) Population: is a group of individuals in the same environment; can be interbreed (=belong to the same species, dynamic could change over time, most often has two or more different versions of a gene (= polymorphism) Snp: example of genetic polymorphism, single nucleotide polymorphism smallest change = most common. What is the name of all the alleles from all the gametes in an interbreeding population: gene pool. What is the maximum number of alleles that one person can carry for one specific gene: 2. Hardy-weinberg problems: analysis of one polymorphic trait present in the form of two alleles in a population at equilibrium, equation 1 (for alleles): p + q = 1.

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Related Questions

1. Saguaro cacti have 2 L-shaped arms and you have one with armsthat are different lengths. Arm length in the cactus is controlledby one gene. Arms of the same length (A) are dominant to arms of adifferent length (a). What is the genotype of our cactus? If youcross our cactus with your neighbor’s cactus which has arms of thesame length and ½ of the offspring have different length arms. Whatis the genotype of the neighbor’s cactus?

2. The ability to curl your tongue up on the sides (T, tonguerolling) is dominant to not being able to roll your tongue (t). Awoman who can roll her tongue marries a man who cannot. Their firstchild has his father's phenotype. What are the genotypes of themother, father, and child? What is the probability that a secondchild will be a tongue roller?

3. A boy, whose parents and grandparents had normal vision is colorblind. What are the genotypes of his mother and his maternalgrandparents? (B = normal vision; bb = color blind)

4. The lubber grasshopper is a very large grasshopper, and is blackwith red and yellow stripes. Assume that red stripes are expressedfrom the homozygous RR genotype, yellow stripes from the homozygousrr genotype and both from the heterozygous Rr genotype. What willbe the phenotypic ration of the F1 generation resulting from across of two grasshoppers, both with red and yellow stripes (Rr xRr)? What would be the genotypic ration of the F1 generation? Whatphenotypes would be produced by crossing a grasshopper with bothcolor stripes and one with only yellow stripes?

5. Coat color in cats is a codominant trait and is also located onthe X chromosome. Cats can be black, yellow or calico. A calico cathas black and yellow splotches. In order to be calico, the cat musthave an allele for the black color and an allele for the yellowcolor. Use a punnet square to show why there are no male calicocats.

6. Consider an individual who has type O blood. Her brother hastype AB. Her father’s sister has type AB blood, and her father’sfather had a BB genotype. Her mother’s sister has type O blood, andher mother’s brother has type B blood. What are the genotypes ofher mother, father and her four grandparents?

Expression vectors inprokaryotes do not make functional eukaryotic gene products inbacteria very well because

Answer Not sure which one ?!

· the codon sequence for prokaryotes is differentthan the codon sequence in eukaryotes

· there are no disulfide bridges formed in proteinsnormally made in prokaryotes

· prokaryotic expression vectors cannot translateeukarytic sequences

· eukaryotic genes have introns, and prokaryotesdon't

· eukaryotic genes have exons and prokaryotesdon't


I create a knockout mouseusing the agouti/black fur system \. When I cross the agoutioffspring of the originally engineered mouse, I find a ratio of 2agouti mice to 1 black furred mouse. What is the bestexplanation?

Answer not sure which one?!

· The gene knocked out was recessive.

· The gene knocked out was dominant.

· The gene knocked out was a lethalgene.

· The knockput was integrated into a random spot,and did not knockput the original gene.

A restriction enzyme cuts DNAand leaves the following end

xxCTGCA
xxG

Which of the following could be the sequence of the correspondingend of the other end of the cut DNA?

Answer

· xxG
xxCTGCA

· xxC
xxGTGCA

· xxCCGAT
xxG

· xxGGCTA
xxC


An SNP always occurs dueto

Answer

· a one base-pair change.

· a three base-pair change.

· a single restriction site change.

· a single amino acid change.

· None of these.


I PCR out a mutated gene in apatient with Lisenbee chorea (the inability to dance in acoordinated fashion) and I compare it to another patient with thatsame disease phenotype. One subject had a mutation on chromosome 4,and the other subject couldn't rock it because of a mutation onchromosome 5. This is an exampe of

Answer

· pleitropy

· locus heterogeneity

· allelic heterogeneity

· dominant negative mutation

· penetrance

In his experiments, Mendelnoted that when two traits are involved in a genetic cross, theyare inherited independently of each other. Though Mendel didn'tknow about chromosomes, this still holds true (mostly)because

Answer

· genes on the same chromosome are often mixedthrough meiotic crossover during the formation ofgametes.

· variant alleles of the same gene do not interferewith the phenotypic expression of the gentoype in different geneticloci.

· most higher organisms are diploid, making only twoalleles available for every genetic locus, and there is a 50/50chance of geting either allele from a single parent.

· expression of phenotypes can vary from thegenotypes because of encironmantal influences.

· chromosomes often recombine

Anticipation is caused by amutation that increases in expressivity over subsequentgenerations.

Answer

· True

· False

Question 44

I have a genotype that shouldproduce a specific phenotype, but some of the individuals with thegenotype do not demonstrate any evidence of the phenotype. I wouldconsider this an example of

Answer

· allelic heterogeneity.

· locus heterogeneity.

· penetrance.

· expressitivity.

· sheer luck.

Question

Which of the following doesnot occur during the PCR reactions?

Answer

· Changes in the reaction temperature by athermocycler

· Denaturation at high temperatures

· Synthesis of oligonucleotide primers

· Extension of primers by DNA polymerase

· Annealing of oligonucleotide primers

Question

DNA markers, or variantnon-coding regions of DNA, are DNA polymorphisms that are usefulfor genetic mapping.

Answer

· True

· False

A mosaic is an organismwith

Answer

· multiple genotypes within one organism

· multiple alleles within one genotype

· more than one color of fur

· transgenes added to the zygote beforedevelopement

· a wt phenotype but a mutated genotype

Question

Genotype causesphenotype.

Answer

· No, gentoype just influences phenotype.

· Yes, genotype is the DNA sequence that createsphenotype.

Question

A true genetic chimera can becreated by

Answer

· mutating a gene early on in the development of anorganism resulting in different alleles being present in theadult

· multiple fertilized eggs or zygotes fusing to formone embryo

· adding a transgene to the genome of an organismduring fetal development only

· adding cells of a different species to an adultorganism

· adding a transgene to the genome of an animal atany stage in development

Question

The ABO blood group can bestbe explained by the concept of _______.

Answer

· dominant traits

· recessive traits

· allelic heterogeneity

· locus heterogeneity

· vampirism

If a loss of functionmutation creates a dominant phenotype, it may be becauseof

Answer

· haploinsufficiency

· penetrance

· expressivity

· allelic heterogeneity

· locus heterogeneity

Please select the best matchfor each.

Answer

· PCR: Technique used to generatecopies of a DNA fragment

· Southern blot : Screeningprocedure used to assay DNA fragments

· RFLPs : DNA fragments generatedby restriction enzymes that vary in length betweenindividuals

· Northern blot : Screeningprocedure used to assay mRNA fragments

· Electrophoresis Movement ofmacromolecules in an electrical field

Answer

A.

Screening procedure used toassay DNA fragments

B.

Movement ofmacromolecules in an electrical field

C.

Screening procedure used toassay mRNA fragments

D.

DNA fragments generated byrestriction enzymes that vary in length betweenindividuals

E.

Technique used to generatecopies of a DNA fragment

A gene mutates, and theprotein produced has a novel way of interacting with the cell, andcreates a new phenotype because of this new functionality. This iscalled

Answer

· pleitropy

· locus heterogeneity

· allelic heterogeneity

· dominant negative mutation

· gain of function dominant mutation

Question 62

Mutations in the somaticchromosomes may be inherited by the next generation.

Answer

· True

· False


A degenerate PCR primer withmany variant sequences must be used to make multiple copies of agene

Answer

· if only the protein sequence of the gene productis known to construct the primers

· if the DNA you are using is cDNA to constructthe primers

· if the DNA you are using is genomic DNA to becopied

· if the DNA you are trying to copy iscDNA

· if the vector is prokaryotic and the transformedcell is eukarytotic

Question

Please select the best matchfor each term.

Answer

· Restriction enzyme


· PCR C

· Plasmid

· YAC A

· Dideoxynucleotide

Answer

A.

Endonuclease isolated frombacteria

B.

Eukaryotic cloningvector

C.

Method for amplification ofDNA sequences

D.

Small circular fragment ofDNA

E.

Molecule used in DNAsequencing

Question

A couple goes on MauryPovitch, and the results are in: you are not the father. But noother man impregnated the female (granted, unlikely for a MauryPovitch guest, but work with me here) and he must be the father.DNA analysis claims otherwise, though the child definitely wasmom's (poor thing). What may be going on here?

Answer

· the child is parthenogenic because the motheractually impregnated herself like a shark, and the child's DNA isall mom's

· the child had a mutation that changed the genethat is used to trace paternity

· the child is a mosaic because he is actually a setof twins fused early during fetal development, and therefore camefrom 2 eggs and 2 sperm

· the dad may have germ-line mosaicism, meaning thatthe genotype of his sperm is different from his somaticgenotype

· mitochondrial DNA only comes from mom, so there isno way to tell whobthe baby's father is