BIOL 341 Chapter 4: cell bio 4

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21 Feb 2019

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Functions of proteins: enzymes and enzymatic reactions, receptors. Side chains of amino acids: acidic, basic, uncharged polar, nonpolar. Form when amino acids are joined by peptide bonds. Formed by hydrogen bonds between the backbone atoms: reactive groups in the backbone, determined by interactions in backbone, can form very stable and strong connections/ protein structures. Tertiary: 3d structure composed of relative locations of beta-sheets, alpha-helix loops and some unstructured areas: different r groups interacting, the backbone may interact with r groups, nonpolar side chains will group together and interact= hydrophobic interactions. Quaternary: association of > 1 protein: more than one protein working as a unit, may have multiple copies of the same or different protein units, hemoglobin, contains a heme prosthetic group. Chaperone proteins: help newly synthesized proteins fold correctly. Troponin: regulated muscle contractions by binding to calcium and then changing conformation. Bacterial phospholipase c: an enzyme that cleaves a fatty acid residue from phospholipid molecule.

Related Questions

The sequence of amino acids is considered to be the ________ structure of a protein.

Select one:

a. secondary

b. tertiary

c. quaternary

d. primary

The pattern the backbone folds, for example alpha-helix or beta pleated sheet, is the ________ structure of a protein.

Select one:

a. quaternary

b. secondary

c. tertiary

d. primary

Which type of forces stabilizes the primary structure of a protein?

Select one:

a. Salt bridges

b. Hydrogen bonding between the carbonyl group and amino group

c. Dipole-dipole

d. Peptide bonds

The interaction of the side chains on the amino acids, for example hydrophobic attractions, is the ________ structure of a protein.

Select one:

a. quaternary

b. secondary

c. tertiary

d. primary

violetyellowjacket662

Protein Structure

a.Different function of proteins and examples:

b. Protein building blocks:

1. atomic composition of building block:

2. "parts" or "functional groups" of the building block:

c. Importance of side chain (R group):

d. Hydrophobic amino acids characteristics:

e. Hydrophilic amino acids characteristics:

f. Charged amino acids characteristics

Copy and complete the table below regarding the characteristics and which groups in the polypeptide interact together at each structural level of the protein.

	characteristics	groups interacting
Primary structure
Secondary structure
Tertiary structure
Quartenary structure

Value: 2

Choose the correct statement(s). You may choose more than one answer.

[mark all correct answers]
a. Proteins are the building blocks of amino acids.

b. Enzymes are a type of protein.

c. Quartenary structure consists of two or more polypeptide chains interacting.

d. Amino acids are made of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen and phosphorus.

e. The primary structure of a protein is formed due to the interaction of side groups.

Value: 3

Put the following statements regarding the structural levels of a protein formation in the correct order.

Below is a sequence of events. Place them in the order they should occur, number 1 being the first item. Select the step number from the drop down next to each item.

Items to order:

1. Individual amino acids are bonded together via peptide bonds.

2. Two or more polypeptide chains interact via bonds.

3. Hydrogen bonds form between neighboring amino acids within a polypeptide chain allowing the chain to coil or form pleated sheets.

4. Side groups (R) of the individual amino acids interact with each other allowing the protein to assume its three dimensional shape.

Value:4

Put the following statements regarding the structural levels of a protein formation in the correct order

Individual amino acids are bonded together via peptide bonds.	1 2 3 4
Two or more polypeptide chains interact via bonds.	1 2 3 4
Hydrogen bonds form between neighboring amino acids within a polypeptide chain allowing the chain to coil or form pleated sheets.	1 2 3 4
Side groups (R) of the individual amino acids interact with each other allowing the protein to assume its three dimensional shape.	1 2 3 4

Value: 5

Hydrophobic amino acids will be found _______________.

a. In the interior (inner core) of a protein, away from the watery environment.

b. in the interior of a plasma membrane.

c. Both A and B

d. Neither

Value: 6

A protein's function is defined by ____________.

a. enzymatic reactions

b. it's shape.

c. chain of nucleotides.

d. the presence of carbon and hydrogen.

Value: 7

Which of the following is NOT considered a protein function?

a. transport of substances across membrane

b. enzymatic reactions

c. provides structural support

d. carries genetic information

Second messengers play an important role in cellcommunication.

Which of the following best describes their role?

		None
		integrate, amplify and distribute messages throughout thecell
		Release messages to other cells?
		Receive information at the cell surface

What is true of disulfide bonds?

	a.	They often occur in the cytosol
	b.	They are a noncovalent bond
	c.	They are formed enzymatically in the ER
	d.	They act as reducing agents
	e.	they increase protein flexibility

Which of the following is NOT an example of a cell communicationmolecule?

		nucleases
		nitric oxide
		hormones
		kinases

What is true of binding pockets?

	a.	They only occur in the membrane
	b.	They occur in unfolded proteins
	c.	They contain electrostatic interactions
	d.	They contain variable amino acids
	e.

What is true of cell signaling?

	a.	Extracellular signals transduced by rectors always alter cellbehavior very quickly
	b.	Some cells require cell signals just to survive
	c.	Cell signals can be interpreted differently by differentcells
	d.	B and C only
	e.	All of the above (A, B and C)

Histone tails can be modified to change the shape and"tightness" of the nucleosomes. Acetylated histones result in whicheffect?

		Open DNA
		increased transcription
		closed DNA
		decreased transcription
		1+2
		1+4
		3+4
		2+3

Shifting the two bound tRNA from the A and P sites to the E andP sites of the ribosome involves:

	a.	The movement of the small ribosome subunit down the mRNAchain
	b.	The degradation of the A site on ribosome
	c.	The synthesis of the E site on the ribosome
	d.	The movement of the large subunit relative to the smallsubunit
	e.	All of the above

Intracellular signaling pathways are awesome! What is the onething they can NOT do?

	a.	relay the signal, to spread it through the cell
	b.	nothing, they can communicate any cellular need
	c.	distribute the signal to more than one effector protein
	d.	integrate the signal from more than one cellular pathway
	e.	Amplify the signal received, making the signal stronger

Specificity of protein/protein and protein/DNA binding isdetermined by what?

		Non-covalent bonds
		Hydrophobic interactions
		Covalent bonds
		shape of the binding site
		all of the above
		none of the above
		1,2,3
		1,2,4
		1,3,4

The coiling structure of the DNA into chromosomes is achieved bywhat?

		alpha helix
		beta pleated sheets
		chaperone proteins
		DNA/Protein complexing

Which regions (s) of the DNA are found in the final protein?

	a.	poly-A tail
	b.	A and B
	c.	Exons
	d.	UTRs
	e.	Introns

Metabolic processes can be turned "on" and "off" by chemicalmodifcation.

Which chemical modification do we associate with changing theactivity of an enzyme in a transient/non-permanent manner?

		Phosphorylation
		Ubiquitination
		Methylation
		Acetylation

DNA hybridization involves attaching a florescent dye towhat?

	a.	Antibody
	b.	Nuclear stain
	c.	Probe DNA
	d.	tRNA
	e.	rRNA

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BIOL 341 Chapter 4: cell bio 4

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