PSYC 001 Chapter Notes - Chapter 7: Diana Baumrind, Egocentrism, Longitudinal Study
Developmental Psychology
Prenatal Development
● Zygote: a fertilized egg with genetic instructions (50% from mother/father)
○ Identical (monozygotic) twins: when the cluster of zygote duplicates split off into two
identical clusters
○ Fraternal (dizygotic) twins: when two eggs are fertilized at the same time
● Gene: One basic unit of genetic instruction. One segment of a chromosome.
● Chromosome: molecules of DNA that hold the genetic instructions in each cell (46 overall: 23
from each parent).
○ Gender is determined by the 23rd chromosome
● Stages: germinal stage (ends when the cluster of zygotes attaches to the uterine wall) →
embryonic stage (when organs begin to develop) → fetal stage (basically a human just some final
touches last two months)
● Teratogens: environmental factors that affect prenatal development (drugs, disease, nutrition)
○ FAS: when alcohol is consumed during pregnancy and causes birth defects. Affects
different things in differents stages of development
○ Prematurity: Also affects prenatal development and causes health risks
Infancy
● Reflexes: unlearned responses that you have at birth (some fade with age)
○ Sucking reflexes: sucking anything that touches their lips
○ Rooting reflex: turn their mouth toward anything that touches their cheek
● Habituation: a decrease is physiological response to stimulus when it becomes familiar (heart
rate, staring, speed of sucking)
○ Scientists can measure this sensory-perceptual development nonverbal babies
○ Preferential-looking technique: scientists can also know if a baby can tell the difference
between two things (because they will look at/react to a new thing more).
● Phenomes: the tiniest distinctive speech sounds in language perception. Babies can determine
the difference between all of them, but by around 12 months they have a hard time with ones not
used in their native language
○ This just goes to show that there are many potential neuron pathways, but only the ones
that are used grow stronger
● Babies are born with smell, taste, touch, and voice recognition for survival purposes (vision
comes a bit later but develops quickly)
Language
●Baby talk: the super dramatic cutesy way parents talk to their kids. Babies actually prefer this
because of the exaggeration gets across intentions more easily
● Babbling: actually practicing the sounds they would use for speech in that language
● Holophrase: one word that expresses a complete idea (allows for a small vocab)
● Overextension: using a new word to express meaning for too many things (like using dada for
every male figure)
● Underextension: when words are applied too narrowly (like only using “dog” for your dog, not
realizing it is for all dogs)
● Telegraphic speech: two word statements (usually a noun & verb). Starting grammar.
● There is a critical period for language learning. It is much harder to pick up if not exposed early in
life.
Jean Piaget’s Cognitive Development Theory
●Assimilation: the interpretation of new experiences within our existing schemas (framework of
knowledge/understanding of the world
Document Summary
Zygote: a fertilized egg with genetic instructions (50% from mother/father) Identical (monozygotic) twins: when the cluster of zygote duplicates split off into two. Fraternal (dizygotic) twins: when two eggs are fertilized at the same time identical clusters. Gene: one basic unit of genetic instruction. Chromosome: molecules of dna that hold the genetic instructions in each cell (46 overall: 23 from each parent). Gender is determined by the 23rd chromosome. Stages: germinal stage (ends when the cluster of zygotes attaches to the uterine wall) embryonic stage (when organs begin to develop) fetal stage (basically a human just some final touches last two months) Teratogens: environmental factors that affect prenatal development (drugs, disease, nutrition) Fas: when alcohol is consumed during pregnancy and causes birth defects. Prematurity: also affects prenatal development and causes health risks different things in differents stages of development. Reflexes: unlearned responses that you have at birth (some fade with age) Sucking reflexes: sucking anything that touches their lips.
