BIO 311 Chapter Notes - Chapter 2: Antoine Lavoisier, Atomic Number, Bond Length

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Chemical Basis of Life

• Laoisie -1794) – otasted the heial sipliit of the ieal

oldith opleit of plat ad aial olds

• Latte oposed of opouds ih i ao, hdoge, oge,

nitrogen, sulfur, and phosphorous (the six most abundant elements in

living systems)

• Eal th etu ioheial iestigatios of gluose eakdo i

yeast and animal muscle cells revealed remarkable chemical similarities

• Jaues Mood - What is tue of E. oli is tue of a elephat

• Theo that all ogaiss shae a oo eolutioa oigi is ased, i

part, on our biochemical unity

• Bioheial Uit - the ioheial opositio ake-up of all

organisms is astoundingly similar

The Chemical Basis of Life

• Fee tha  of the more than 90 naturally occurring chemical elements are

essential to all organisms

• Bulk eleets shaded i oage ae stutual opoets of all ells ad tissues ad

are required in the diet in gram quantities

• Tae eleets shaded i ello equired in much smaller quantities (<< a few

milligrams)

Carbon Chemistry

• Cheist of liig ogaiss eoles aoud ao

• C aouts fo >half the d eight of ells

• C fos sigle ods ith H, ad sigle ad doule ods ith O ad N

• C a also form very stable single bonds with up to four other Cs***

• To Cs a shae to o thee eleto pais, foig doule o tiple

bonds

• The easo fo this is that C, ith a atoi ue of , has a ale

of 4, i.e. 4 electrons to form covalent bonds

1s2, 2s2, 2px

, 2py

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, 2pz

 ↔ s, s

, 2px

, 2py

, 2pz

The periodic table of the elements

Geometry of Carbon Bonding

• C atos hae a haateisti tetahedal aageet of thei fou sigle ods:

bond angle ~109.5º and bond length 0.154 nm

• “igle ods hae osideale feedo of otatio, as sho fo ethae CH

• C=C doule ods uh shote . , ae igid, ad the atos desigated A,

B, X, and Y all lie in the same rigid plane - planar

Geometry of C-Bonding

• High feedo of otatio leads to geat diesit i iooleule foatio

! Linear chains

! Branched chains

! Cyclic structures

• Bodig esatilit of C a ajo fato i the seletio of C opouds

during evolution of living organisms

• No othe eleet a fo oleules of suh idel diffeet sizes,

shapes and composition

• Vast ajoit of iooleules ae deiaties of hdoaos, ith H

atoms replaced by a variety of functional groups

• Futioal goups ofe chemical properties on the molecule

Geometry of C-Bonding

• C has uiue popet of eig ale to od to itself i log hais

• Ee a fou C hai has thee diffeet possile skeletos

• Allos a diffeet opouds to e foed  eaageet ad not resynthesis***

• Addig just oe O o doule od a poide a diffeet stutues, eah

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Document Summary

B, x, and y all lie in the same rigid plane - planar. Geometry of c-bonding: high f(cid:396)eedo(cid:373) of (cid:396)otatio(cid:374) leads to g(cid:396)eat di(cid:448)e(cid:396)sit(cid:455) i(cid:374) (cid:271)io(cid:373)ole(cid:272)ule fo(cid:396)(cid:373)atio(cid:374) Acetyl-coenzyme a: ca(cid:396)(cid:396)ie(cid:396) of a(cid:272)et(cid:455)l g(cid:396)oups, (cid:272)o(cid:374)tains multiple functional groups, pa(cid:272)e filli(cid:374)g (cid:373)odel, n is (cid:271)lue, c is (cid:271)la(cid:272)k, p is o(cid:396)a(cid:374)ge, o is (cid:396)ed, Retina nerve impulses: e(cid:374)e(cid:396)g(cid:455) of a(cid:271)so(cid:396)(cid:271)ed light (cid:272)o(cid:374)(cid:448)e(cid:396)ts (cid:1005)(cid:1005)-cis-retinal to all-transretinal, triggering electrical changes that lead to a nerve impulse. The concept of biochemical unity refers to the fact that the chemical composition of all organisms is highly similar: true, false. The 6 most abundant elements in biological systems are: c, h, cl, mg, o, n, h, na, k, mg, o, p, na, h, o, c, p, s, c, h, o, n, s, p. 6co2 + 6h2o + light c6h12o6 + 6o2: no(cid:374)-photosynthetic organisms consume these carbohydrates as a source of energy. The use of thermodynamics in biology has a long history rich in confusion.

Related Questions

I JUST NEED SIMPLE/BASIC ANSWERS NOT LONG ANSWERS

1. Explain how life can be viewed at different levels of biological complexity.

2. Explain how researchers study biology at different levels, ranging from molecules to ecosystems.

3. Distinguish between discovery-based science and hypothesis testing, and describe the steps of the scientific method.

4. Tell whether a given topic or research study is about biology. Tell whether that study is discovery-based or hypothesis testing, or both.

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Explain how a single element may exist in more than one form, called isotopes, and how certain isotopes have importance in human medicine.

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BIO 311 Chapter Notes - Chapter 2: Antoine Lavoisier, Atomic Number, Bond Length

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