BIO 311C Chapter Notes - Chapter 3: Peptide, Phospholipid, Galactose

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8 Dec 2016

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Chapter 3: biological molecules: understand how condensation synthesis and hydrolysis occur to make biopolymers. Condensation synthesis: remove -oh and -h from monomers to form a dimer. Hydrolysis: add -h and -oh to separate polymer into monomers: identify examples of monomers in each group based on their structure and functional groups. Provide major source of energy for respiration and making other carbon-based molecules. Structure: cellulose, callose, chitin: what are the 3 different kinds of lipids, examples and their functions? type example function triglycerides (fats) triglyceride; saturated fats, unsaturated fats phospholipids glycerol + 2 fatty acids. Primary structure: amino acid sequence of a protein. Secondary structure: regular, repeated patterns of folding of the polypeptide, stabilized by h-bonding. Tertiary structure: major contribution to 3d structure of protein due to irregular bonding between side chains. Nucleotides: nitrogenous base + ribose + phosphate group. Ntps: nucleoside triphosphate aka nucleoside + 3 phosphates.

Related Questions

Name of Macronutrient	Subtypes of Macronutrient (Weâve listed the names to provide a framework, but explain what each means)	Food Sources (list food sources broken down by subtype of macronutrient)	Major Functions (make sure to explain each)	Recommended Intake (for you â include your demographic)	Related Health Concerns (be specific regarding how the macronutrient contributes to this health problem)
Carbohydrates	Monosaccharides Sweet, colorless, crystalline structure which contain one (mono) molecule of sugar (saccharide), with the basic CnH2nOn makeup: are the glucose and Fructose âGalactose; Sucrose, maltose and lactose Polysaccharides is a monosaccharaides bonded togehte (wikibooks). Which are simple? Monosaccharides Which are complex? Polysaccharides Both Monosacharides and Polysaccharides can be good healthy diet( wikkibooks).	Monosaccharides: glucose is found on some fruits, vegetable and honey; fructose is found in fruits, honey and corn syrup ( wikkibook) Polyasacchariders Starch (cereal grains such as wheat, oats, barley, corn rice and their products; cellulose which acts as a dietary fiber(soluble â barley-oats,rye) insoluble fiber whole grains ready to eat cereals and others) and glycogen â a storage form of glucose in the liver and muscle ( Non digestable dietary â cellulose â whole grains- green leatu vegetable; pectin- fruits, carrots, sweet potatoes. Exemple of digestable food â shellfish, animal liver.(nutrient.review,n.d)
Proteins	Essential amino acids Nonessential amino acids
Lipids	Triglycerides Phospholipids Sterols

Charts and tables are tools we use in science to break down information analytically and present data in an organized manner. It is a beneficial strategy for learning about and organizing scientific material, which we will be using often in this class. Make sure that you are detailed, thorough, and specific in your responses. Explain yourself clearly. Do not list a word or brief phrase without explaining what it means. For example, if you list diabetes for carbohydrates, make sure you explain how carbs are associated with diabetes. Don't leave the reader to make that connection for you. Also, make sure you provide APA-style references for each of your so

1. Use the following definitions and phrases to describe to which molecules of life and their subunits it belongs:

a. Energy-storing molecule, typically water soluble - b. Subunits are called monosaccharides â c. Used to speed chemical reactions - d. Subunits are joined to each other with peptide bonds - e. Most prevalent molecule in cell membranes - f. Some of them function as hormones - g. Used for storing, transmitting, and executing genetic information - h. Subunits are nucleotides

2. Weak hydrogen bonds between water molecules are responsible for the many properties of water. Acidity is expressed as pH. Buffers stabilize pH. a. What characteristics of water molecule makes it polar? Provide two examples why this property is important in microbiology. b. What is the role of buffers in living organisms, including microbes? c. What must be added to pure water to decrease OH- and/or H+ concentration, respectively

3. Carbohydrates serve as storage molecules and structural material. Lipids are hydrophobic molecules; phospholipids are main component of cell membranes. Protein has a complex structure based on identity and sequence of amino acids. Nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) are genetic station of storage information and for synthesis of proteins. ATP serve as the main energy source in the living cell. a. Name the subunits (building blocks) of carbs, simple lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids b. What level of protein structure is described as an alpha helix? c. If DNA is placed in boiling water, what and how the molecule would change?

Question 401 pts

Kinetic energy is the stored energy that can be used for motion.

True

False

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Question 411 pts

When an electron is transferred from one atom to another, and the two atoms are then electrically attracted to one another, a(n) ________________ bond is formed.

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Question 421 pts

Changing the number of ____________ of an atom would change the chemical properties of the atom.

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Question 431 pts

Forming molecules and breaking down molecules in biological organisms usually requires the use of _________ to help the reaction proceed faster.

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Question 441 pts

Organic molecules have a core composed of .

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Question 451 pts

The building blocks of carbohydrates are

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Question 461 pts

Water molecules crossing a membrane from high to low concentration is .

active transport

cell fate

facilitated diffusion

osmosis

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Question 471 pts

Choose the membrane molecule responsible for the passage of polar molecules and ions into and out of the cell.

phospholipids

transmembrane channel proteins

cell surface proteins

carbohydrate chains

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Question 481 pts

The simplest cells are .

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Question 491 pts

Which of the following membrane bound organelles are found inside bacterial cells:

nucleus

organelles are not found in prokaryotic cells

mitochondria

chloroplasts

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Question 501 pts

Which of the following is a specialized components of the cell, is associated with the rough endoplasmic reticulum, and is responsible for making proteins.

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Question 511 pts

Proteins are sorted, modified, and packaged by the _____________ and later transported to the outside of the cell.

ribosomes

golgi bodies (golgi apparatus)

nucleus

mitochondria

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Question 521 pts

Dehydration synthesis is a process of linking two smaller subunits together to form a polymer. Which of the following statements below is true of dehydration synthesis?

Oxygen is consumed.

A water molecule is removed from the molecules.

A water molecule is added to the molecules

Carbon dioxide is given off.

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Question 531 pts

Proteins are made up of _________ held together by peptide bonds.

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Question 541 pts

Which of the following gives an amino acid its properties?

NH2

R Group or functional group

COOH

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Question 551 pts

The final three-dimensional shape of a protein that includes the bonding of two or more polypeptide chains is call its _____ structure.

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Question 561 pts

How do DNA and RNA differ?

all statements are differences between DNA and RNA.

DNA is double stranded while RNA is single stranded.

They have different sugars.

Thymine is present in DNA but not in RNA.

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Question 571 pts

Which of the following is a component of a DNA nucleotide?

phosphate

a nitrogen containing base

All are components of a nucleotide.

5-carbon sugar

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Question 581 pts

Cell membranes are made up of several different types of molecules. Select the membrane molecule below that is made up of a polar region and two non-polar fatty acid tails.

transmembrane proteins

carbohydrate chains

phospholipids

cell surface proteins

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Question 591 pts

Two organelles which are believed to have once been free-living bacterial cells are ____________ and ______________.

chloroplasts and mitochondria

golgi apparatus and endoplasmic reticulum

ribosomes and nucleolus

peroxisomes and lysosomes

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