S W 323K Chapter 9: Chapter 9
Chapter 9: Presenting and Defending Policy Proposals in Step 5 and Step 6 of Policy Analysis
Win-win – negotiations that emphasize shared interests.
Hardball negotiations – a policy advocate tries to best a person or group with opposing points
of view through debates
Political context – strongly influences the outcomes of these grand debates
Interpersonal discussions – policy briefs, speeches to large audiences, memoranda, formal
reports, debates or arguments, messages, or to mass media.
Three parties exist in adversarial debates:
• The persuader
• The adversary
• Audience of observers
Mediators – who operate between contending factions
Friendly negotiations – a positive outcome is not guaranteed
Objectives – can be ranked on a continuum extending from ambitious to modest.
Graphic materials – graphs and slides
Two-sided arguments – for critical or hostile audiences because the persuader anticipates and
defuses some criticism and therefore appears reasonable and open-minded.
Single-sided arguments – more effective with audiences that share the values of the speaker.
Dissonance – disrepany etween the audiene’s eliefs and the proposal
Tactical choices in presenting that help presenters make their point:
• Single sided?
• Two sided?
• How much dissonance?
• Climax?
• Anticlimax?
• Who should present?
• Adapting the setting?
• Honoring protocols
• Honoring expectations
find more resources at oneclass.com
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Document Summary
Chapter 9: presenting and defending policy proposals in step 5 and step 6 of policy analysis. Hardball negotiations a policy advocate tries to best a person or group with opposing points of view through debates. Political context strongly influences the outcomes of these grand debates. Interpersonal discussions policy briefs, speeches to large audiences, memoranda, formal reports, debates or arguments, messages, or to mass media. Three parties exist in adversarial debates: the persuader, the adversary, audience of observers. Friendly negotiations a positive outcome is not guaranteed. Objectives can be ranked on a continuum extending from ambitious to modest. Two-sided arguments for critical or hostile audiences because the persuader anticipates and defuses some criticism and therefore appears reasonable and open-minded. Single-sided arguments more effective with audiences that share the values of the speaker. Dissonance dis(cid:272)repan(cid:272)y (cid:271)etween the audien(cid:272)e"s (cid:271)eliefs and the proposal.
