ALHT106 Lecture Notes - Lecture 8: Leading, Apa Style, Psychotherapy Research

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27 Jun 2018

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ALHT week 8 tutorial  Essay writing

Academic Essay Writing

1. Analyse the purpose and type of task

- Content words  identify the topic and subtopics that you will write about

- Task words  identify how you will write about the topic (usually verbs)

- Limiting words  identify where the boundaries of your research should be

2. Brainstorm the topic

3. Craft a tentative response to the task

4. Draft a general plane

5. Research, read and make notes

6. Revise your plan

7. Write a first draft

Structure (Example for 1500 words)

- Introduction

o1 paragraph (100-150 words)

oMoves from the general to the specific

oOpen with a short orientation (introduce the topic with a general, broad

opening sentence or two)

oMay include a definition of key terms

oAnswer the question with a thesis statement

oProvide a summary or “road map” of your essay (brief but including the

main ideas)

- Body paragraphs (1200 words over a number of paragraphs)

oTopic sentence (main idea of paragraph)

oSupporting evidence (with approved citation from reading)

oExamples (for the main idea)

oDrawing implications or linking statements (to main idea in the

paragraph, to next topic, or back to the question – Therefore, as a result,

consequently…)

- Conclusion

o1 paragraph (100-150 words)

oReconnects back to purpose of the assessment

oSummarises the main points (including thesis statement)

oOffers a final generalised statement

APA citation  author surname and a publishing date separated by a comma – surname,

date

Use paraphrasing rather than direct quotes as it shows a better understanding of the ideas

in the original text

APA Referencing

- For a quotation you need to include:

oAuthor’s surname, followed by initial(s)

oYear the source was published

oPage number

- For a paraphrase you need to include:

oAuthor’s surname

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oYear the source was published

oCan either include the author’s name in your sentence with date in

brackets or put all the information in brackets at the end of the sentence

(with the full stop after the brackets)

In addition to in-text citations, your assignment must also include a list of all sources cited in

the assignment

- Your list includes all the sources cited (either as quotations or paraphrases) in

your essay

- The list of references is:

oOne list on a separate page at the end of the essay

oIn alphabetical order according to surname (or organisation name)

oWith double line spacing

oIn hanging indent form  watch video on APA referencing at 3.50 to see

how to do this on Microsoft word (week 8 tutorial essay)

oCentre and capitalise the word “References”

- Reference list at end:

oAuthor’s surname followed by their initial(s)

oYear in brackets

oTitle of the book (minimal capitalisation with italics)

oEdition in brackets and abbreviated

oPlace of publication before the name of the publisher

oTitle of journal has to be capitalised and in italics

- Eg:

Eg. Gazzaniga, M. S., Heatherton, T. F., & Halpern, D. (2012). Psychological science (4th ed.).

London, United Kingdom: Norton.

Livneh, H. (2012). The concept of time in rehabilitation and psychosocial adaptation to chronic

illness and disability. Rehabilitation Counselling, 55(4), 195-206.

doi:10.1177/0034355212440184

Oyserman, D., Smith, G. C., & Elmore, K. (2014). Identity based motivation: Implications for

health and health disparities. Journal of Social Issues, 70(2), 206-225. doi: 10.1111/josi.12056

Saebu, M., SØrensen, M., & Halvari, H. (2013). Motivation for physical activity in young adults

with physical disabilities during a rehabilitation stay: A longitudinal test of self- determination

theory. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 43(3), 612-625. doi:10.1111/j.1559-

1816.2013.01042.x

Schöttke, H., Trame, L., & Sembil, A. (2014). Relevance of therapy goals in outpatient cognitive-

behavioral and psychodynamic psychotherapy. Psychotherapy Research, 24(6), 711-723.

doi:10.1080/10503307.2014.881578

Introduction = 10-15% of essay length

Body = 80% of essay length

Conclusion = 5-10% of essay length

Paragraph Structure and Cohesion, language, grammar and punctuation

- Topic sentence = states the main idea/topic of paragraph

- Concluding sentence = sum up paragraph, connect back to question, connect to

next paragraph

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Document Summary

Academic essay writing: analyse the purpose and type of task. Content words identify the topic and subtopics that you will write about. Task words identify how you will write about the topic (usually verbs) Limiting words identify where the boundaries of your research should be: brainstorm the topic, craft a tentative response to the task, draft a general plane, research, read and make notes, revise your plan, write a first draft. Conclusion: 1 paragraph (100-150 words, reconnects back to purpose of the assessment, summarises the main points (including thesis statement, offers a final generalised statement. Apa citation author surname and a publishing date separated by a comma surname, date. Use paraphrasing rather than direct quotes as it shows a better understanding of the ideas in the original text. For a quotation you need to include: author"s surname, followed by initial(s, year the source was published, page number.

Related Questions

*Please refer to the attached file.

You are writing a rough draft for the essay part 1,

This writing practice will focus on

Steps *1 and *2 below:

___________________

FIVE STEPS OF WRITING~*1- Prewrite*2-Draft 3- Revise 4- Edit/Proofread 5- Publish

Expository Essay Part 1

Student Resource

EXPOSITORY ESSAY

– explains, points out

Used in articles, essays, exam questions

- Used to report on research

- Used to share information, give directions

REVIEW:

Elements of Expository Essay:

Thesis

–

Thesis Statement states topic, introduces supporting points

Structure

–

- Organization - often by Cause/Effect, Problem/Solution, Compare/Contrast

- Supporting paragraphs (at least one per supporting point)

- Use of formatting, graphics, and multi-media where appropriate

- Conclusion - relates to thesis and pulls supporting points together

Style

–

- Formal tone - complete sentences; conventional construction and language

- Active voice

Assignment:

Complete the first

two

steps in writing an Expository Essay.

You can use the sample writing prompt on Page 3 or choose a topic based on stories/articles of

your choosing. Page 3 also gives a sample thesis and outline based on the writing prompt. If

writing on your own topic and texts, choose three texts from different genres – e.g., short story,

science fiction, poetry, memoir, informational text, etc.

Step 1)

Prewrite

– Write your thesis statement.

– Determine the structure and organization (e.g., compare/contrast).

– Make an Outline (should include the thesis statement plus a list of

supporting points and a conclusion).

Step 2)

Draft

– Follow your Outline.

– Consider the audience's knowledge of and experience with the topic.

– Give concrete examples (each supporting point should be at least one

paragraph).

– Relate each point back to the thesis statement.

– Draw a conclusion that relates to the thesis statement and ties the

supporting points together.

Expository Essay Part 1

Student Resource

EXPOSITORY ESSAY - SAMPLE THESIS AND OUTLINE

WRITING PROMPT

Compare/contrast the authors' treatments of the theme of

taking

responsibility

in three different genres of text:

Short Story

–"Through the Tunnel,"

Science

Fiction

– "A Sound of Thunder," and

Informational Text

– "Quit blaming; take responsibility."

Thesis

Authors Lessing, Bradbury, and Gitomer, writing in three different textual genres,

each address the theme of taking responsibility by contrasting instances of responsible and

irresponsible behavior and drawing the conclusion of the benefits of taking responsibility.

Supporting paragraphs

– with formatting (subtitles):

1. Short Story

– Lessing ("Through the Tunnel") contrasts Jerry's irresponsible/ responsible

behavior and draws conclusion responsibility is best – Jerry feels better about himself.

- Irresponsible: Jerry tries to get attention, be accepted by other boys; wants to swim

through tunnel before ready (examples from story)

- Responsible: Jerry stops trying to please other boys; adopts his quest; trains and works

to be prepared (examples from story)

- Lessing draws unstated conclusion of benefits of taking responsibility

(contrasts Jerry's feelings before and after quest)

2. Science Fiction

– Bradbury ("A Sound of Thunder") contrasts Time Safari Inc.'s/ Eckels'

responsible/irresponsible behavior and graphically illustrates the devastating results of

irresponsibility.

- Irresponsible: Eckels' uncaring, irresponsible attitude (examples in story)

- Responsible: Time Safari's careful planning and preparation for the hunt

(examples

from story)

- Bradbury ends story showing dramatic impact of being irresponsible, implying the

benefits of responsibility

3. Informational Text

–

Gitomer ("Quit blaming; take responsibility") compares salespeople

with politicians in their tendency to avoid taking responsibility and contrasts that attitude with

suggestions on taking responsibility to achieve success.

- Irresponsible: Salespeople and politicians blame others for their failures

(specific examples from article)

- Responsible: Suggestions on how they can take responsibility by

studying failures and

making them successes (examples in article)

- Gitomer concludes that salespeople (and politicians) can achieve results

they seek by

overcoming obstacles and taking responsibility

Conclusion

Authors Lessing, Bradbury, and Gitomer, writing in three different textual

genres, each address the theme of taking responsibility by contrasting instances of responsible

and irresponsible behavior, concluding that taking responsibility brings the best r

This writing practice will focus on

Steps *1 and *2 below:

___________________

FIVE STEPS OF WRITING ~* 1-Prewrite* 2- Draft 3- Revise\ 4- Edit/Proofread 5- Publish

Expository Essay Part 1

Student Resource

EXPOSITORY ESSAY

– explains, points out

Used in articles, essays, exam questions

- Used to report on research

- Used to share information, give directions

REVIEW:

Elements of Expository Essay:

Thesis

–

Thesis Statement states topic, introduces supporting points

Structure

–

- Organization - often by Cause/Effect, Problem/Solution, Compare/Contrast

- Supporting paragraphs (at least one per supporting point)

- Use of formatting, graphics, and multi-media where appropriate

- Conclusion - relates to thesis and pulls supporting points together

Style

–

- Formal tone - complete sentences; conventional construction and language

- Active voice

Assignment:

Complete the first

two

steps in writing an Expository Essay.

You can use the sample writing prompt on Page 3 or choose a topic based on stories/articles of

your choosing. Page 3 also gives a sample thesis and outline based on the writing prompt. If

writing on your own topic and texts, choose three texts from different genres – e.g., short story,

science fiction, poetry, memoir, informational text, etc.

Step 1)

Prewrite

– Write your thesis statement.

– Determine the structure and organization (e.g., compare/contrast).

– Make an Outline (should include the thesis statement plus a list of

supporting points and a conclusion).

Step 2)

Draft

– Follow your Outline.

– Consider the audience's knowledge of and experience with the topic.

– Give concrete examples (each supporting point should be at least one

paragraph).

– Relate each point back to the thesis statement.

– Draw a conclusion that relates to the thesis statement and ties the

supporting points together.

Expository Essay Part 1

Student Resource

EXPOSITORY ESSAY - SAMPLE THESIS AND OUTLINE

WRITING PROMPT

Compare/contrast the authors' treatments of the theme of

taking

responsibility

in three different genres of text:

Short Story

–"Through the Tunnel,"

Science

Fiction

– "A Sound of Thunder," and

Informational Text

– "Quit blaming; take responsibility."

Thesis

Authors Lessing, Bradbury, and Gitomer, writing in three different textual genres,

each address the theme of taking responsibility by contrasting instances of responsible and

irresponsible behavior and drawing the conclusion of the benefits of taking responsibility.

Supporting paragraphs

– with formatting (subtitles):

1. Short Story

– Lessing ("Through the Tunnel") contrasts Jerry's irresponsible/ responsible

behavior and draws conclusion responsibility is best – Jerry feels better about himself.

- Irresponsible: Jerry tries to get attention, be accepted by other boys; wants to swim

through tunnel before ready (examples from story)

- Responsible: Jerry stops trying to please other boys; adopts his quest; trains and works

to be prepared (examples from story)

- Lessing draws unstated conclusion of benefits of taking responsibility

(contrasts Jerry's feelings before and after quest)

2. Science Fiction

– Bradbury ("A Sound of Thunder") contrasts Time Safari Inc.'s/ Eckels'

responsible/irresponsible behavior and graphically illustrates the devastating results of

irresponsibility.

- Irresponsible: Eckels' uncaring, irresponsible attitude (examples in story)

- Responsible: Time Safari's careful planning and preparation for the hunt

(examples

from story)

- Bradbury ends story showing dramatic impact of being irresponsible, implying the

benefits of responsibility

3. Informational Text

–

Gitomer ("Quit blaming; take responsibility") compares salespeople

with politicians in their tendency to avoid taking responsibility and contrasts that attitude with

suggestions on taking responsibility to achieve success.

- Irresponsible: Salespeople and politicians blame others for their failures

(specific examples from article)

- Responsible: Suggestions on how they can take responsibility by

studying failures and

making them successes (examples in article)

- Gitomer concludes that salespeople (and politicians) can achieve results

they seek by

overcoming obstacles and taking responsibility

Conclusion

Authors Lessing, Bradbury, and Gitomer, writing in three different textual

genres, each address the theme of taking responsibility by contrasting instances of responsible

and irresponsible behavior, concluding that taking responsibility brings the best r

isaiahh223g

Question:

Organisms living in Antarctica are thought to be particularly susceptible to change in climatic conditions. How might future climate changes affect the distribution of Antarctic organisms?

Describe the current Antarctic climate and factors that are likely to affect environmental change. Make predictions about future changes to the environment and how this might impact the distribution of organisms in the region.

Below has the format that it could be answered.

below the template, it has exampler template with different topic.

------ template

What do you think is the answer to the question? / What is your perspective on the topic? This is your stance or thesis.

Why do you think this? Give at least three supporting reasons (main points)

-
-
-

Use your stance and supporting points to build your plan. For each main point give a brief explanation, some evidence and/or examples you will use to support it. Provide references where appropriate.

I. Introduction

Possible ideas for the introduction:

(What does the reader need to know to understand the essay? Write as a statement rather than a question or keyword)

Proposed thesis statement:

II. Body - The number of body paragraphs will vary from essay to essay, you choose how many you need.

- Topic sentence:

(Include the main point making it clear how it supports your stance)

Explanations /Evidence/ Examples (include references with each fact (author, date)):

Write as a statement of fact not as a question, heading or keyword

- Topic sentence (include the topic and how it supports your stance):

Explanations /Evidence/ Examples (include references (author, date)):

Write as a statement of fact not as a question, heading or keyword

-Topic sentence (include the topic or how it supports your stance):

Explanations /Evidence/ Examples (include references (author, date)):

Write as a statement rather than a question or keyword

III. Conclusion:

(What are the broad implications of the essay?)

DRAFT WRITING

Introduction and first body paragraph

------- exampler template with different topic

I. Introduction

Possible ideas for the introduction

Climate change

Process of OA

Somehow lead to SO

Thesis Statement : All organisms living bathed in an acidic environment will incur a metabolic cost as a result of the energy expended to maintain functioning cell chemistry this results in reduced growth and reproductive outputs. As a consequence population numbers will drop with a flow on reduction in overall ecosystem biomass and diversity.

II. Body

Main Point: OA has a metabolic cost for all marine organisms and affects growth, reproduction and nutrient value as a food source.[CA2]

Examples/Details/Explanations (include references (author, date)) :

Most pronounced in small organisms but is variable and dependant on pH

e.g. krill, gill & haemolymph regulation issues (Flores et al, 2012) ;

e.g. phytoplankton, reduced nutritional value;

e.g. shell forming organisms dissolution of CaCO₃ shells e.g. pteropods

Main Point: The metabolic cost on the individual results in lower numbers of individuals in a population.

Examples/Details/Explanations (include references (author, date)):

This cost results in reduced fertilisation, extended larval development time, deformities

e.g. seastar (Gonzalez-Bernat et al, 2014) detail effects at different pH levels;

e.g. urchin (Sewell et al 2014)

Main Point: A reduction in biomass of any one species has flow on effects up and down the food chain and could be especially pronounced in the unique Southern Ocean ecosystem.

Examples/Details/Explanations (include references (author, date)):

SO characterised by high nutrient low productivity, âwasp-waistâ structure and short food chains

e.g. phytoplankton as primary producers

e.g. krill as important food source

e.g. pteropods as nutrient cyclers

Main Point: Reduced food availability will likely alter interspecific interactions and may result in some species being driven to extinction.

Examples/Details/Explanations (include references (author, date)):

a. competition will increase as a result of less food e.g. between larger birds and mammals as a flow on from loss of krill

b. shell forming species will be at greater risk of predation due to weaker shells

c. e.g. seastars as keystone species maintaining diversity

III. Conclusion

Effects at organism level will impact on total biomass of that species and those that depend on it for food, therefore the overall productivity and biomass of the SO ecosystem will be reduced and loss of species diversity is expected.

Other Ideas to Conclude:

Effects growth and reproduction and is especially costly for shell forming organisms.

Will see changes as a result of effects on organisms with key functions within the SO ecosystem.

Ideas to leave the reader with (clincher):

Global significance of effects of OA on SO (something related to carbon sink and sequestering of Carbon) or perhaps reminding reader that OA is only one consequence of climate change and that organisms will also be at risk from rising sea temps, melting ice, and invasive species.

Literature Review

Words: 500

Article Chosen: THE MAGICAL AGE OF 10

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1023/A:1002006521067

https://tomocarroll.wordpress.com/2013/02/22/the-magical-age-of-10/

Guidelines

Guide only, feel free to organise however else you like to as long as you address the learning outcomes and elements in the rubric.

* Introduction

Introduce the general issue and its importance

Identify key trends or perspectives

Identify the specific focus of this literature review (your identified issue)

Give a brief outline of the structure of the body

* Body

Cluster your literature around common themes or threads of ideas. Structure your writing thematically and not author by author. This allows you to compare, contrast, and make sense of the different authorsâ perspectives on one point./ And if you find there are a lot of authors with some contribution to one point, then maybe that point needs to be teased out into sub-themes

Try not to hide behind what the literature is saying. Remember, it is up to you to interpret it and make sense of it for your reader. Listing what they have found or believe is part of a literature review, but in itself is not enough, you need to clarify what the reader is to take away from this body of research

Never be afraid to narrow your topic. You have a word limit, which is enough to make one meaningful point, but not to include detail for its own sake. It is better to dig deep into a topic rather than be broad and superficial

You may have to limit your question many times before you finalise your draft. Spend time considering your question/topic, because this provides the guidelines for your writing and your research. You need to have clear guidelines so that you can research with purpose and efficiency, even if these guidelines are modified later. Otherwise a lot of time and energy will be wasted, either, looking at irrelevant material, or material that cannot fit into your review

* Conclusion

Summarize the major contributions, evaluating the current position, and pointing out flaws in methodology, gaps in the research, contradictions and areas for further study

Conclude by summing up and identifying the significance of the topic in relation to the literature

* Please ensure that you write succinctly to avoid wasting your word count. Note that unnecessary words weakens your argument. You should keep within +/- 10% of your word count

* Check for spelling and grammatical errors. Loosing marks from errors that could be addressed through editing is not worth it.

* Make sure that all references are correctly referenced using APA style

* Refer to Unit Guide for more information about the unit requirements

ALHT106 Lecture Notes - Lecture 8: Leading, Apa Style, Psychotherapy Research

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