BCCB2000 Lecture Notes - Lecture 13: Exothermic Reaction, Endothermic Process, Kinetic Energy
22 Jun 2018
School
Department
Course
Professor
Bioenergetics 1:
Dr Steven Bottomley
Characteristics of Life:
-Complicated structure and highly organised
-Ability to extract, manage, and use matter
-Ability to extract, transform, manage, and use energy
-Ability to synthesise new material
oReplacement Sunthesis
Replacing damaged or used components of cells
oGrowth self-replication synthesis
Cell replication and DNA synthesis. Greater number of cells
oGrowth expanding synthesis
Larger cells
-Ability to self-organise and self-assemble
The Need for Matter and Energy:
-Matter Carbon and other atoms
oOrganic compounds and other molecules that contain carbon and other
atoms
E.g. Calcium, sodium, potassium, magnesium, and iron
-Energy and ongoing supply of energy
oFor all the changes that occur in life
-The flow of energy and matter in a living system is controlled by enzymes
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The Flow of Matter:
-Matter used by living organisms is converted to other types of matter
oThe atoms, such as carbon, that comprise the matter remain the same but
are rearranged into other molecules
oThis matter is used for self-replication, self-assembly, synthesis etc.… in
all life.
oMatter can be followed in the chemical reactions of life (metabolism)
Radioactively labelled atoms are used such as 14C, 15N, 3H
oMatter is not converted to energy
What is Energy?
-No one really knows
-Energy is something that causes specific changes
-Energy has many forms
oChemical, mechanical, electrical, electromagnetic
-Energy is transferred, and converted, from one form to another, and it not
created nor destroyed
oEnergy remains constant in the universe
oFirst law of thermodynamics
-All natural processes proceed in a direction towards minimum potential energy
oSecond law of thermodynamics
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-The entropy of the universe increases
oSecond law of thermodynamics
Energy Values in Perspective:
-1.0J = energy used when raising a 100g apple 1m against the force of gravity
-49J = dropping a 5gh bag of potatoes from about a metre
-98kJ = energy used to lift a tonne of bricks by 10m
-222kJ = energy used by a 70kg person climbing to Eiffel tower
-1 calorie = 4.18J
-1 Calorie = 1000 calories = 4.18kJ
-The large C calorie is often used in nutrition as a measure of the energy content
of food
How is Energy Used by Organisms?
-Change location or orientation (mechanical work)
oMuscle contraction, opening and closing a flower, movement of bacteria
-Change concentration (osmotic and electrical work)
oMovement of nutrients, minerals, etc. across a membrane against their
concentration gradient
-Change chemical bonds
oSynthesis and degradation of compounds
oContinual maintenance and repair
Flow of Energy:
-Whenever we talk about the flow, transfers, interconversions, transformations,
or changed brought about by energy we venture into the realm of
thermodynamics
-We can track transfers of energy be creating a world consisting of system and
surroundings
find more resources at oneclass.com
find more resources at oneclass.com
Document Summary
Ability to extract, manage, and use matter. Ability to extract, transform, manage, and use energy. Ability to synthesise new material: replacement sunthesis. Replacing damaged or used components of cells: growth self-replication synthesis. Greater number of cells: growth expanding synthesis. Matter carbon and other atoms: organic compounds and other molecules that contain carbon and other atoms. Energy and ongoing supply of energy: for all the changes that occur in life. The flow of energy and matter in a living system is controlled by enzymes. Radioactively labelled atoms are used such as 14c, 15n, 3h: matter is not converted to energy. Energy is something that causes specific changes. Energy has many forms: chemical, mechanical, electrical, electromagnetic. Energy is transferred, and converted, from one form to another, and it not created nor destroyed: energy remains constant in the universe, first law of thermodynamics. All natural processes proceed in a direction towards minimum potential energy: second law of thermodynamics.
