ANAT30007 Lecture Notes - Lecture 2: Gluteus Maximus Muscle, Basal Ganglia, Spinal Cord
24 Jun 2018
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Humans can use a variety of gait patterns, but tend to use only two: walking and running
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Inverted pendulum, ie weight on top of a pole, slight push of weight forward allows
efficient movement, weight pivots over point of contact
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Limb moves pole just in front of weight to let weight tip over
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Arch foot, achilles tendon and knee etc. adds to efficiency
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Running uses elasticity of muscle
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Shows when is most efficient to walk or run, optimal point
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Net cost of transport (ml of O2kg-1 m-1) for chimpanzee quadrupedal walking (blue),
chimpanzee bipedal walking (red), and human walking (yellow).
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Characteristics of human walking
1.2 Locomotor control: spinal mechanisms
Sunday, 1 March 2015
6:43 PM
Locomotor Page 1
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Humans most efficient when walking compared to chimpanzee, due to geometry of
body
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For humans, centre of gravity all in line, mass in line with point of contact so more
efficient
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For chimps, weight not in line with point of contact
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chimpanzee bipedal walking (red), and human walking (yellow).
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For humans, most force used on ankle to move that pole forward where as chimps force
on hips
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Comparison of walking mechanics in chimpanzees and humans
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Inverted pendulum walking, which is somewhat like human walking, is very energetically
efficient.
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Walking, in a perfect invariant environment, in a straight line, on a perfectly flat surface, at
one speed, without stopping starting and turning, would require only a relatively simple
control system.
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Can't always rely on inverted pendulum due to variable environment
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Locomotion in a real (highly variable) environment requires very complex control.
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Neural control of locomotion
Brainstem involved in motor control
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Cerebellum: main role is motor control - optimise movements/transitions/gait
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Cerebrum, and basal ganglia deep in cerebral hemispheres: billions of neurons for movement
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Spinal cord and peripheral sensory feedback
Locomotor Page 2
Document Summary
Humans can use a variety of gait patterns, but tend to use only two: walking and running. Inverted pendulum, ie weight on top of a pole, slight push of weight forward allows efficient movement, weight pivots over point of contact. Limb moves pole just in front of weight to let weight tip over. Arch foot, achilles tendon and knee etc. adds to efficiency. Shows when is most efficient to walk or run, optimal point. Net cost of transport (ml of o2 kg-1 m-1) for chimpanzee quadrupedal walking (blue), chimpanzee bipedal walking (red), and human walking (yellow). Locomotor page 1 chimpanzee bipedal walking (red), and human walking (yellow). Humans most efficient when walking compared to chimpanzee, due to geometry of body. For humans, centre of gravity all in line, mass in line with point of contact so more efficient. For chimps, weight not in line with point of contact. Comparison of walking mechanics in chimpanzees and humans.
