BIOL10002 Lecture Notes - Lecture 1: Positive Feedback, Methimazole, Collagen
31 May 2018
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Wednesday, 22 March 2017
Biology Notes Week 4
Macromolecules
Tissues and Homeostasis
Tissues- Distinct type of material comprised of specialised cells of which plants and
animas are made.
Organs- A part of an organism, made of one or more tissue types, which is typically self-
contained, adapted for a specific function.
Interstitial Fluid- Or extracellular fluid is the bodies internal environment
Homeostasis- Maintenance of stable conditions in internal environment despite external
fluctuations.
TYPES OF TISSUES:
EPITHELIAL (SKIN, LINES BLOOD VESSELS)
Densely packed and tightly connected
Creates barriers (intra/extracellular), regulates transport
Involved in secretion and absorption (and smell/taste)
TYPES:
Squamous (skin)- flattened, thin, layers (stratified)
Columnar (tubule, vas deferens) - Tightly packed, cilia, polarised
Monomer
Linkage
Elements
Function
Found?
Carbohydrate
(saccharides)
Sugar
(Glucose,
sucrose)
Glycosidic
C6H12O6
Energy
Cytoplasm
Protein
Amino acids
Peptide
C, H, N, O, S
Structural,
Everywhere
Nucleic Acid
(DNA/RNA)
Nucleotides
Covalent,
Hydrogen
bonds
C, H, N, O, P
Genetic
information
Nucleus,
Ribosome
Lipids
Hydrocarbon
Glycerol
Fatty acids
Ester
C, H
Energy
storage,
structural
component of
cell membrane
Membranes
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Wednesday, 22 March 2017
Cuboidal (tubule, kidney)- Tight junctions, stuff has to go through
membrane (highly regulated)
MUSCLE (GENERATES FORCE AND MOVEMENT)
Most abundant
Myosin and actin (allows contraction)
TYPES
Skeletal- attached to bone, voluntary, striated
Cardiac- heart, structural meshwork
Smooth- outer walls of hollow organs (e.g. stomach, bladder, blood vessels),
interconnected, NOT STRIATED
CONNECTIVE (BLOOD, BONE AND FAT)
Loose cells (fibroblast or stroma) in extracellular matrix (scaffold or ‘meshwork’,
secreted by cells)
Extracellular Matrix (ECM) composed of proteins- collagen (long fibres, structural
strength), Elastin (long fibres, able to recoil e.g. bladder)
Cartilage- Chondrocytes secrete ECM, firm and flexible
Bone- collagen hardened by calcium, inflexible/rigid
Blood- cells floating in plasma
Adipose- loose connective tissue, cushions, insulator
NERVOUS (NEURONS AND GLIA)
Neurons- send info as electrical signals, communicate with other cells via
neurotransmitters
Glial cells (Glia)- Do not conduct, provide support and protection, protect brain from
chemicals in blood.
ORGANS- COMPRISED OF ONE OR MORE TISSUE TYPES
HISTOLOGY- STUDY OF TISSUES AND ORGANS AT MICROSCOPIC LEVEL
HOMEOSTASIS-
Requires regulation and control by the endocrine and nervous system
Negative feedback- counteract a stimulus
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Positive feedback- reinforces (amplify/increases) response beyond set point
Temperature regulation:
Heat injury (due to hyperthermia)- Forms of cramps, exhaustion and heap stroke.
Heat Cramps- Due to dehydration and loss of sodium via sweating.
Heat Exhaustion- Exercise-associated collapse
Heatstroke- Life threatening, leads to improper function of proteins and cell membranes
Endotherms- Regulate body temp by producing heat or activating mechanisms of heat
loss.
Ectotherms- body temperatures determined by external source.
Heat loss/gain- metabolism, radiation, evaporation, convection, vasodilation and
conduction."
Basal metabolic rate (BMR) is the amount of daily energy consumed by animals at rest.
Cell to Cell Communication
To maintain a stable internal environment we need signals.
Signals for differentiation
!3
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Document Summary
Tissues- distinct type of material comprised of specialised cells of which plants and animas are made. Organs- a part of an organism, made of one or more tissue types, which is typically self- contained, adapted for a speci c function. Interstitial fluid- or extracellular uid is the bodies internal environment. Homeostasis- maintenance of stable conditions in internal environment despite external. Columnar (tubule, vas deferens) - tightly packed, cilia, polarised. Cuboidal (tubule, kidney)- tight junctions, stuff has to go through membrane (highly regulated) Smooth- outer walls of hollow organs (e. g. stomach, bladder, blood vessels), interconnected, not striated. Loose cells ( broblast or stroma) in extracellular matrix (scaffold or meshwork", secreted by cells) Extracellular matrix (ecm) composed of proteins- collagen (long bres, structural strength), elastin (long bres, able to recoil e. g. bladder) Neurons- send info as electrical signals, communicate with other cells via neurotransmitters. Glial cells (glia)- do not conduct, provide support and protection, protect brain from chemicals in blood.
