CHEM10003 Lecture Notes - Lecture 29: Valence Bond Theory, Valence Electron, Bond Energy

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The failure of simple atomic orbital overlap to predict the geometry of h2o and ch4 meant that valence bond theory had to make some adjustments. Valence electrons: c 2s2 2p2, h 1s1. It is difficult to reconcile this tetrahedral geometry with the 3 orthogonal p orbitals and the s orbital of the valence shell sp3 hybridisation the 2s and 2p orbitals can hybridise to form 4 sp3 orbitals. Arrows depict that when electrons are paired, one must be pointing up and the other down. The bonding in methane with carbon sp3 orbitals (small loves omitted for clarity) overlapping with hydrogen 1s orbitals: This type of overlap is known as a sigma-bond. A similar model can be used to describe nh3. Valence electrons: n 2s2 2p3, h 1s1. Three sigma-bonds and one non-bonding pairs of electrons (lone pair) sp2 hybridisation. The sp2 hybrid orbitals are a similar shape to the sp3 orbitals but have 33% s character and.

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