CHEM 121 Lecture Notes - Lecture 29: Dipole, Valence Bond Theory, Valence Electron

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Chem121 - lecture 29 - hybridization of atomic orbitals. Single solid lines indicate the bond lies in the plane of the paper. Hashed wedge lines indicate the bond projects back into the paper. The solid wedge indicates the bond projects out of the plane of the paper. Covalent bonds between atoms of different electronegativities produce polar bonds. Polar molecule: has an unsymmetrical distribution of electron charge. Molecular polarity: must consider bond polarities and molecular geometry. The vector sums lead to equal and opposite individual polarities that cancel out. A tetrahedral molecule with all four identical bonds in nonpolar. For symmetrical molecules (all bonding atoms identical), the molecule is nonpolar. This is not the case when there are lone pairs. To determine whether a molecule is polar or nonpolar: Determine the bond polarity and dipole moments based on differences in electronegativities. Take the vector sum of the bond dipole moments to determine if there is any net molecular dipole moment.

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