PSYC10003 Lecture Notes - Lecture 5: Primary Motor Cortex, Temporal Lobe, Abdominal Cavity
6 Jun 2018
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PSYC10003 – MIND, BRAIN, & BEHAVIOUR 1
BEHAVIOURAL NEUROSCIENCE
Lecture 5 (Week 2 . 2): Structure & Function of the Human Nervous System – Part 1
The neural axes: an imaginary line drawn through the spinal cord toward the front of the brain. Used to
locate structures within the nervous system.
• Rostral (anterior): ‘toward the beak’
• Caudal (posterior): ‘toward the tail’
• Dorsal (superior): ‘toward the back’
• Ventral (inferior): ‘toward the belly’
o Lateral: toward the side
o Medial: toward the midline
➢ Ipsilateral: structures on the same side of the body
➢ Contralateral: structures on the opposite side of the body
Major Divisions of the Nervous System:
• Central Nervous System (CNS): includes the brain & spinal cord
• Peripheral Nervous System (PNS): includes the cranial nerves, spinal nerves, & peripheral ganglia
• Somatic Nervous System: connects the CNS to voluntary muscles
• Autonomic Nervous System: connects the CNS to non-voluntary muscles & glands
• Sympathetic Nervous System: arousing; prepares the body for activity,
expends energy
• Parasympathetic system: calming; prepares the body for restoration of
energy
The Menings: NS’s protective sheaths of connective tissue. CNS has all, PNS: dura
mater & pia mater (fuse into 1 layer covering spinal nerves & peripheral ganglia)
• Dura mater (‘tough mother’): the thick outer layer
• Arachnoid mater (‘spider-like mother’): middle layer, weblike appearance due to the protrusions
(arachnoid trabeculae), is soft & spongy
• Pia mater (‘pious mother’): clear, delicate inner layer, follows folds of brain tissue
• Space between the arachnoid & pia mater: subarachnoid space.
Contains blood vessels, & fluid that bathes the brain & spinal cord
Cerebrospinal Fluid: fluid that supports & protects the brain & spinal cord
• Found in the subarachnoid space, around the outside of the brain &
spinal cord, & also in the hollow, interconnected chambers inside the brain (ventricles)
• Produced by choroid plexus in lateral ventricles (1 per hemisphere) → flows down to third ventricle
→ flows through cerebral aqueduct to fourth ventricle → exits via a set of openings into the
subarachnoid space → reabsorbed into the bloodstream via the arachnoid villae
Ventricle system: set of linked, fluid-filled chambers (ventricles).
• There’s 2 lateral ventricles (1 per hemisphere), linked centrally
with the third ventricle, which connects to the forth ventricle
immediately beneath the cerebellum via the cerebral aqueduct
• Hydrocephalus: occurs when the flow of CSF is blocked,
causing CSF to accumulate within the ventricles, raising the
pressure inside the skull, potentially leading to brain damage.
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