BIOL3006 Lecture Notes - Lecture 4: Nuclear Membrane, Ectrodactyly, Cytokinesis
Document Summary
If checkpoints are not satisfied, fix and proceed. If the problem cannot be fixed, induce cell death. G2 checkpoint: check for dna damage (and consequent repair, check to see if all the genome has been replicated (not just parts) M checkpoint: spindle assembly check for appropriate chromosome segregation, check attachment to mitotic spindle on metaphase plate. S checkpoint: check whether previous processes have been accurately completed, otherwise detrimental consequences can occur if dna processes are incomplete, damaged or lacks integrity, determine whether environment is favourable. Genomic instability occurs normally at ow frequencies but are able to be repaired. One form of genetic instability often leads to another (cancer) Mutations in dna: nt changes, hypermutation, only occurs in cancer, specific spots of genome cluster mutations in high level. Structural chromosomal changes: deletions / duplications, translocations, breakage of chromosomes and reattachment, can form fusion genes and encode for proteins that it didn"t usually before.
