FIN111 Lecture Notes - Lecture 7: Corporate Bond, Bond Valuation, Interest Rate Risk

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10 May 2018

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• Future and present values of multiple cash flows

• Valuing level cash flows: annuities and perpetuities

• Comparing rates: the effect of compounding periods

• Loan amortisation (ordinary annuity)

Overview:

• Bond valuation [8.2 - 8.3]

• Bond yields [8.4]

• Interest rate risk [8.5]

Valuation of Debt:

A bond

• Is a contract between the issuer (borrower) and the investor (lender) stipulating the issuer's

obligations to make specified payments on specified future dates.

• Has a value equal to the present value of all cash flows associated with holding the bond.

• 'cash flows' consist of periodic interest payments and the repayment of the face value upon

maturity.

Bond valuation:

• The value, or price, of any asset is present value of its future cash flows.

• To calculate bond's price, follow same process as to value any financial asset. (Annuities

function: constant payment for a period of time).

• Estimate expected future cash flows - these are the coupons that bond will pay.

•

• Determine bonds required rate of return, or discount rate

• This is the market interest rate, called bond's yield to maturity (or more commonly, yield)

• Compute current value, or price, of a bond (PB) by calculating the present value of bonds

expected cash flows:

• Price of Bond (PB) = PV (coupon payments) + PV (principal payments)

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FACE VALUE ALWAYS = $1000

Yield to maturity (YTM):

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Document Summary

Future and present values of multiple cash flows: valuing level cash flows: annuities and perpetuities, comparing rates: the effect of compounding periods. Overview: bond valuation [8. 2 - 8. 3, bond yields [8. 4] "cash flows" consist of periodic interest payments and the repayment of the face value upon maturity. Thus, this bond is selling at a discount because 963. 04 is less than 1000. Semi-annual compounding: while bonds in europe pay annual coupons, u. s. bonds pay coupons semi annually, equation shows how to value bonds paying semi-annual coupons. Economic forces affecting bond price: time to maturity: bond prices coverage to par value (plus final coupon) with passage of time, changes in interest rates have large impact on long term bonds than on short term bonds. Interest rate: bond prices and interest rates move in opposite directions. Yield to maturity: a bonds yield to maturity: discount rate that makes present value of coupon and principal payments equal to price of bonds.

Related Questions

The goal of the firm is to ____ because _____. Answer maximize shareholders' wealth; it considers all risks invest funds in real estate; the return is longer maximize shareholders' profit; it is a short term outlook closely matching management goals Mike is paying $8,000 a year on his mortgage at 6% nominal annual interest. He has 15 more years to make payments. He wants to sell his house today. The lowest [minimum] price he can sell the house without losing any money on the house would be about ___. Answer $120,000 $ 50,000 $77,698 $ 186,208 A firm's net income before tax, EBT [NIBT] (on the income statement) is affected by _____. Answer taxes interest dividends Common Stock as listed on the Balance Sheet could include which of the following? Answer A) retained earnings B) additional paid in capital over par value C) preferred capital Both A) and B) If an asset is sold for ___ than its basis, the tax effect would be ____. Answer A) more; capital gain and depreciation recapture B) less; depreciation recapture C) more; capital loss Both A) and B) The main reason for a firm to have assets is to _______. Answer generate revenue match the liabilities and equity both of the above be able to borrow money and pay its debts none of the above The only risk you would NOT have in loaning money to the United States Government (Uncle Sugar) is _____ risk. Answer liquidity maturity default A(n) ____ shows _____. Answer balance sheet; sources and uses of funds income statement; net income as of a specific date cash flow statement; how well the firm is doing relative to its competition You can compare dollars _____ because ______. Answer computed using equations; any math is always correct at any point in time; time is never a factor if they are at nominal value; that is when decisions are made only at the same point in time; dollars can be invested to earn interest There ___ a tax benefit to the company with paying preferred dividends because _______. Answer is; investors can write them off is not; investors declare them as income is; the company can use the payments as an expense is not; the company cannot use the payments as an expense XYZ issued a 6% coupon, $1,000 par, 30 year to maturity bond. It is now 6 years to maturity. What is the price of the bond if the yield to maturity [market interest rate] is 10%? Answer $1,000 $659.46 $825.79 $705.33 The valuation process can be described as ______. Answer calculating the present value of an expected future cash flow using the investor's required rate of return as the discount rate calculating the future value of an expected future cash flow using the investor's required rate of return as the discount rate amortizing the value of the asset over its holding period The ______ is the minimum required rate of return a firm must earn on its investments. Answer net present value opportunity cost of capital or weighted average cost of capital. internal rate of return gross profit margin The value of an asset is the _____ dollar price someone is willing to pay for it. Answer usual maximum minimum Companies use ____ in capital budgeting project analysis because ________. Answer accounting profit; that is the total net income after tax cash flow; that is what the owners would receive from the project and reinvest accounting profit; that is what the owners would receive from the project and reinvest after tax cash flow; that is the result of prudent accounting When borrowing money, you want to know the ____ interest rate because ____. Answer nominal; it is the easiest to find. effective; it is the true cost of borrowing risk free; that is what the government pays Fed funds; that is what you would pay the bank Cash available to pay out to the investors after the firm pays for new investments or additions to working capital is _____. Answer a statement of cash flows operating after tax cash flow free cash flow net income An organization that raises money from investors and provides financing for individuals and businesses is a ___. Answer factor federal government regulatory unit state government taxing authority financial intermediary Negatives/cons of the Net Present Value (NPV) technique include: Answer least conservative reinvestment assumption multiple rates of return for non-conventional cash flows all of the above none of the above A fixed exchange rate means a country _____. Answer can only use gold coins as money is limited in the amount of paper money it can print can print money as the economy demands Your company is considering an investment with the following expected cash flows: Initial Investment = $407,596 Operating Cash Flows = $73,428 per year Terminal Cash Flow = $11,872. The company's WACC is 11% for similar risk projects. The proposed project would have an expected life of 9 years. Your boss asks you to do the analysis. You would tell your boss this proposed project ___ because ____. Answer is acceptable; NPV is about $3,620 is acceptable; NPV is zero should be rejected; NPV is about -$5,660 [negative $5,660]. should be rejected; NPV is zero All ratios are ___ and a reason to analyze ratios is ____. Answer good; to continue to look productive good and bad; because seemingly good ratios can be masking something bad bad; to try to rework the numbers to have them look good basically irrelevant; there really is no need to analyze financial statements When analyzing financial statements, ratio analysis gives ____ and provides insight into ____. Answer very little useful information; practically nothing good practice in logical thinking; what has occurred and the logic behind it financiers something to do during slow periods; how the financier spends his time accountants a reason to provide financial statements; why accountants do what they do while at work Given: Economic State[i]: Good Average Expected Return[i]: 10% 8% Probability[i]: 30% 70% What is the Standard Deviation? Answer 3% 8.4% 0.92% 5.6% Chapter 9: XYZ has a projected project to install a new press. The expected cash revenue is $175,000 per year. Expected yearly expenses are: Operatinf costs of $50,000; Rental of $17,000; Utilities of $20,500; and Depreciation of $10,000. The tax rate is 35%. What is the expected After-Tax Operating Cash Flow for the first year? Answer $65,500 $60,375 $77,500 $97,500 A stock just paid a dividend of $1.60 per year. The dividend is expected to grow at 3% per year indefinately. Equally risky stocks offer expected rates of return of 8%. What should be the stock price? Answer 53.33 $16.00 $32.96 None of the above. A plot of the CAPM is the _____. Answer wrong thing to do Security Market Line a function showing how to calculate TVM All of the above. Derivatives are used to ___. Answer divide one number by another find old ways to do things hedge risk none of the above With the end of the Gold Standard in the 1970's, what new risk did business face in the international market? Answer Comjpetition Exchange rate Worker compensation Property taxes One of the positive aspects [pros] of a Floating Exchange Rate System is ____. Answer money can be printed as needed to support financial/economic growth no/reduced inflation economic growth is reduced as a result of reduced liquidity [lower money supply] business planning is more difficult A(n) ____ contract obligates the seller to execute the contract and the contract is executed. Answer backwards forward future option What policies did countries institute after the Great War that help lead to the Great Depression? Answer A. Mandatory military service B. Trade restrictions C. High tariffs D. Isolationism Only B., C. and D. All of the above

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Question 1 of 25

You are planning to deposit $1,000 in a savings account. Account A compounds semiannually while account B compounds monthly. If both accounts have the same quoted annual rate of interest, you should choose _______________.

A. either account since both quote the same rate of interest

B. account A because it has a higher APR

C. account A because it has a higher EAR

D. account B because it is compounded more often

Question 2 of 25

You are evaluating two annuities. They are identical in every way, except that one is an ordinary annuity and the other is an annuity due. Which of the following is FALSE?

A. The ordinary annuity must have a lower future value than the annuity due.

B. The ordinary annuity must have a higher present value than the annuity due.

C. The two annuities will differ in present value by the amount (1+r).

D. The annuity due and the ordinary annuity will make the same number of total payments over time.

Question 3 of 25

What is the total present value of $80 received in one year, $300 received in two years, and $700 received in six years if the discount rate is 7%? Note: There is no direct formula for this kind of PV computation other than the basic equation, PV = FV/(1+r)t. 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 |-----------|----------|----------|----------|----------|---------| PV=? $80 $300 $700

A. $582.72

B. $681.68

C. $757.25

D. $803.24

Question 4 of 25

You need to borrow $23,000 to buy a car. The current loan rate is 7.9% APR compounded monthly and you want to pay the loan off in equal monthly payments over 5 years. What is the correct computation to find your monthly payment (C)?

A. C = $23,000 [PVIFA(7.9%/12, 60)]

B. $23,000 = C [1 - (1/1.0795)] / .079

C. $23,000 = C [1 - (1 /1.0065860)] / .00658

D. C = $23,000 [1 - (1/1.07960)] / .079

Question 5 of 25

The monthly mortgage payment on your house is $821.69. It is a 30-year mortgage at an APR of 6.5% compounded monthly. How much did you borrow? Note: PVIFA(r, t) = [1 â 1/(1+r)t] / r, and of course, you can use your calculator here.

A. $100,000

B. $115,000

C. $130,000

D. $140,000

Question 6 of 25

You just won the lottery and you are given two choices for your prize money: (1) A present lump sum of $20 million or (2) $1 million per year that you and your heirs will receive forever, beginning one year from now. If the appropriate interest rate is 5%, which should you choose and why? Note: PV of a perpetuity = C/r

A. Either, because both have the same present value.

B. (1) because it has a higher present value.

C. (2) because it has a higher present value.

D. (2) because it has a higher future value.

Question 7 of 25

What is the effective annual rate of 6% compounded quarterly? Note: EAR = (1 + APR/m)m â 1.0, where m is the number of compoundings in a year.

A. 6.00%

B. 6.14%

C. 7.50%

D. 24.00%

Question 8 of 25

At the end of each year for the next 8 years you will receive cash flows of $500. The initial investment is $2,500. Which of the following is the correct equation to find the rate of return (r) you are expecting from this investment?

A. $2,500 = $500 [1/(1+r)8 â 1] / r

B. $500 = $2,500 [PVIFA(r%,8)]

C. $500 = $2,500 [FVIFA(r%,8)]

D. $2,500 = $500 [1 â 1/(1+r)8] / r

Question 9 of 25

Consider the following cash flow stream. What is the correct way to find the present value of this cash flow stream at a 10% discount rate? 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 |----------|----------|----------|----------|----------|----------|---------|----------|----------|----------| PV=? $35 $35 $35 $35 $35 $35 $20 $20 $20 $20

A. PV = 35 [PVIFA(10%, 6)] + 20 [PVIFA(10%, 4)]

B. PV = 20 [PVIFA(10%, 10)] + 15 [PVIFA(10%, 6)]

C. PV = 35 [PVIFA(10%, 10)] â 15 [PVIFA(10%, 4)]

D. PV = 35 [PVIFA(10%, 6)]/(1.10)6 + 20 [PVIFA(10%, 4)]

Question 10 of 25

You plan to amortize your $10,000 loan by making five equal payments over the next 5 years. The interest rate is 5% compounded annually. What number should appear in (A) of your amortization table below? Note: PVIFA(5%, 5)=4.3295.

Beginning Ending Year Loan Balance Payment Interest Principal Loan Balance

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

1 $10,000 xxxx xxx xxx xxxx

2 ( A ) xxxx xxx xxx xxxx

3 xxxx xxxx xxx xxx xxxx

4 xxxx xxxx xxx xxx xxxx

5 xxxx xxxx xxx xxx 0

A. $8,457.12

B. $8,190.26

C. $7,690.26

D. $6,809.74

Question 11 of 25

The rate of return required by investors for owning a bond to its maturity is called the

A. coupon rate.

B. current yield.

C. dividend yield.

D. yield to maturity.

Question 12 of 25

Which of the following statements regarding bond terminologies is INCORRECT?

A. The written, legally binding agreement between the corporate borrower and the lender detailing the terms of a bond issue is called the indenture.

B. The unsecured long-term debts of a firm are commonly called debentures.

C. An agreement giving the bond issuer the option to repurchase the bond at a specified price prior to maturity is called the zero provision.

D. A special account that sets aside periodic payments for bond redemption is called a sinking fund.

Question 13 of 25

Which of the following statements regarding bond trading is INCORRECT?

A. The long-term bonds issued by state and local governments in the United States are called municipal bonds.

B. The long-term bonds issued by the U.S. government are called Treasury Bills.

C. A bond that makes no coupon payments (and thus is initially priced at a deep discount) is called a zero coupon bond.

D. The price a dealer is willing to pay for a security is called the bid price.

Question 14 of 25

Which bond would most likely possess the least degree of interest rate risk?

A. 8% coupon rate, 12 years to maturity

B. 8% coupon rate, 15 years to maturity

C. 10% coupon rate, 10 years to maturity

D. 12% coupon rate, 8 years to maturity

Question 15 of 25

What is the value of a bond that will pay a total of 50 semiannual coupons of $80 each over the remainder of its life? The yield to maturity is 12%, p.a. Note: B = C [{1 â 1/(1+y)t}/y] + F /(1+y)t. Be careful about specifying t and y for this semiannual bond.

A. $ 734.86

B. $ 942.26

C. $1,135.90

D. $1,315.24

Question 16 of 25

Dizzy Corporationâs 10-year semiannual bond bearing a coupon rate of 12% is currently selling for $950. Given this information, which of the following is the correct valuation equation for this bond?

A. B = 120 [PVIFA(12%, 10)] + 1,000 [PVIF(12%, 10)]

B. $950 = 60 [PVIFA(r/2, 20)] + 1,000 [PVIF(r/2, 20)]

C. $950 = 120 [PVIFA(r, 10)] + 1,000 [PVIF(r, 10)]

D. B = 60 [PVIFA(6%, 20)] + 1,000 [PVIF(6%, 20)]

Question 17 of 25

To find the yield-to-maturity of the bond in Question #16 by trial and error, which number (as a semiannual YTM) should you pick as your first try?

A. 5%

B. 6%

C. 7%

D. Any number (like one of your favorite lotto numbers).

Question 18 of 25

George bought an investment one year ago and just calculated his return on investment. He found that his purchasing power has increased by 15% as a result of his investment. If the inflation over the period was 4%, his _______________. Note: (1+R) = (1+r)(1+h), but you donât need calculation here.

A. real return on investment is more than 15%

B. nominal return on investment is more than 15%

C. nominal return on investment is 11%

D. real return on investment is equal to 4%

Question 19 of 25

Which statement is INCORRECT given the following Treasury quotes? Maturity Coupon Bid Ask(ed) Chg Ask(ed) Yld ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 5/15/2030 6.250 150.7188 150.7500 .8906 2.713

A. The amount of each coupon on this bond is $31.25.

B. The ask(ed) price is $1,507.50.

C. The dealer is willing to sell this bond to you for 150.7188% of par.

D. This bondâs ask(ed) price rose by $8.906 (i.e., eight dollars and 90+ cents) from the previous trading day.

Question 20 of 25

Which of the following statements regarding stock trading is INCORRECT?

A. Stock that has priority for dividends and bankruptcy liquidation is called priority equity.

B. The short alphabetic abbreviation for an exchange-listed stock by which the issue is identified in the market is called the stock's ticker symbol.

C. Capital gains yield is the rate of return based on the stock price increase.

D. Proxy voting is the voting procedure where shareholders grant authority to another individual to vote their shares.

Question 21 of 25

What would you pay for a share of ABC Corporation stock today if the next dividend will be $3 per share, your required return on equity investments is 15%, and the stock is expected to be worth $90 one year from now? (Remember the stock price today is the PV of its future cash flows, i.e., dividends and the future stock price, properly discounted)

A. $75.00

B. $78.26

C. $80.87

D. $90.00

Question 22 of 25

A preferred stock that pays a constant dividend of $1.50 currently sells for $10.71. What is the required rate of return? Note: P0 = D/R for a preferred stock.

A. 14%

B. 13%

C. 12%

D. 10%

Question 23 of 25

A stock with a constant dividend growth rate of 5% is expected to make a $2 dividend in one year. If you require a 12% return on your investment, which of the following statements is INCORRECT? Note: P0 = D1/(Râg) or R = (D1/P0) + g.

A. The current stock price is $28.57.

B. The dividend yield is 7%.

C. The capital gains yield is 12%.

D. The stock price will grow at an annual 5%.

Question 24 of 25

McIver, Inc. currently pays a $2 annual dividend. Investors believe that dividends will grow at 20% next year, 12% for the following year, and 6% annually thereafter. The required return is 10%. What is the current price of the stock?

A. $63.27

B. $60.80

C. $58.71

D. $54.90

Question 25 of 25

Which statement is INCORRECT given the following stock quotes? Prev Close 44.34 Dayâs Range 43.45 â 44.37 Bid 44.01 x 1,200 Volume 908,587 Ask 44.02 x 400 P/E 17.26 Beta 2.4 EPS 2.55 Market Cap 10.11B Div & Yield 0.50 (1.10%)

A. At this point someone was willing to buy 1,200 shares of this stock for $44.01 a share.

B. The yield-to-maturity for this stock is 1.1%.

C. On this trading day so far 908,587 shares changed hands.

D. The total value of this companyâs stock is (about) $10,110 million.

The payment made each period on an amortized loan is constant, and it consists of some interest and some principal. The closer we are to the end of the loan's life, the smaller the percentage of the payment that will be a repayment of principal.

a. True
b. False

2. The market value of any real or financial asset, including stocks, bonds, or art work purchased in hope of selling it at a profit, may be estimated by determining future cash flows and then discounting them back to the present.

a. True
b. False

3. A bond has a $1,000 par value, makes annual interest payments of $100, has 5 years to maturity, cannot be called, and is not expected to default. The bond should sell at a premium if interest rates are below 10% and at a discount if interest rates are greater than 10%.

a. True
b. False

4.Which of the following events would make it more likely that a company would choose to call its outstanding callable bonds?

a. Market interest rates decline sharply.

b. Market interest rates rise sharply.

c. Inflation increases significantly.

d. The company's financial situation deteriorates significantly.

e. The company's bonds are downgraded.

5. A 15-year bond has an annual coupon rate of 8%. The coupon rate will remain fixed until the bond matures. The bond has a yield to maturity of 6%. Which of the following statements is CORRECT?

a. If market interest rates remain unchanged, the bond's price one year from now will be lower than it is today.

b. The bond is currently selling at a price below its par value.

c. If market interest rates decline, the price of the bond will also decline.

d. If market interest rates remain unchanged, the bond's price one year from now will be higher than it is today.

e. The bond should currently be selling at its par value.

6. Which of the following statements is CORRECT?

a. The expected return on a corporate bond will generally exceed the bond's yield to maturity.

b. If a bond's coupon rate exceeds its yield to maturity, then its expected return to investors exceeds the yield to maturity.

c. All else equal, senior debt generally has a lower yield to maturity than subordinated debt.

d. Under our bankruptcy laws, any firm that is in financial distress will be forced to declare bankruptcy and then be liquidated.

e. An indenture is a bond that is less risky than a mortgage bond.

7. Your investment account pays 6.8%, compounded annually. If you invest $5,000 today, how many years will it take for your investment to grow to $9,140.20?

Select the correct answer.

a. 10.47

b. 11.77

c. 9.17

d. 13.07

e. 7.87

8. You want to purchase a motorcycle 4 years from now, and you plan to save $3,500 per year, beginning immediately. You will make 4 deposits in an account that pays 5.7% interest. Under these assumptions, how much will you have 4 years from today?

a. $16,918

b. $19,584

c. $16,112

d. $17,763

e. $18,652

9. Suppose you earned a $135,000 bonus this year and invested it at 8.25% per year. How much could you withdraw at the end of each of the next 20 years?

Select the correct answer.

a. $14,006.84

b. $13,994.04

c. $13,997.24

d. $14,000.44

e. $14,003.64

10.Your older brother turned 35 today, and he is planning to save $30,000 per year for retirement, with the first deposit to be made one year from today. He will invest in a mutual fund that's expected to provide a return of 7.5% per year. He plans to retire 30 years from today, when he turns 65, and he expects to live for 25 years after retirement, to age 90. Under these assumptions, how much can he spend each year after he retires? His first withdrawal will be made at theend of his first retirement year.

Select the correct answer.

a. $119,069

b. $119,090

c. $119,076

d. $119,097

e. $119,083

11. Rogoff Co.'s 15-year bonds have an annual coupon rate of 9.5%. Each bond has face value of $1,000 and makes semiannual interest payments. If you require an 11% nominal yield to maturity on this investment, what is the maximum price you should be willing to pay for the bond?

Select the correct answer.

$888.91

$882.64

$886.82

$891.00

$884.73

12. Haswell Enterprises' bonds have a 10-year maturity, a 6.25% semiannual coupon, and a par value of $1,000 . The going interest rate (r_d) is 9.75%, based on semiannual compounding. What is the bond's price?

Select the correct answer.

$782.32

$787.80

$779.58

$785.06

$790.54

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FIN111 Lecture Notes - Lecture 7: Corporate Bond, Bond Valuation, Interest Rate Risk

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