PMC1000 Lecture Notes - Lecture 13: Gastric Mucosa, Anaphylaxis, Gestational Diabetes
Pathology- a branch of medicine concerned with all aspects of laboratory
investigation in health and disease.
Pathophysiology- the physiology of altered health states, specifically the
functional changes that accompany an injury, syndrome or disease.
Disorder- deviance from physiological normality
Signs and Symptoms- any abnormality indicative of disease, discoverable
on examination of the patient, an objective indication of disease.
Disease- any morbid phenomenon or departure from normal in structure,
function or sensation, experienced by the patient.
Diagnosis- The identification of the nature of an illness and/or problem by
examination of the symptoms.
What is cellular adaptation and why is it important? Provide an example.
Cellular adaptation is changes made by a cell in response to adverse
environmental change, in order to minimise the disturbance. An example is
growth of muscle in response to weight training in order to decrease the strain
on the body.
What is apoptosis? Provide an example.
Apoptosis is a form of cellular death that leads to the elimination of cells
without the release of harmful substances into surrounding tissue. An
example is an infected cell being destroyed by a cytotoxic T cell or the
tadpoles tale being absorbed during its transition into a frog.
Disease
Melanoma
cellular adaptation
melanocytes produce pigment in response to UV
exposure
reversible injury
sunburn and irritation
irreversible injury
DNA is altered and malignant tumours multiply
cell death
continuous division of tumours kills and inhibits the
functioning of surrounding tissue and can travel
through the blood stream to vital organs and take
over
How do heavy metals affect the body?
Heavy metals displace vital nutrients and minerals from the body, hindering
their function. Some heavy metals can disturb haemoglobin function.
Inorganic salts can corrode body tissue such as the eyes, skin and GI tract.
Compare and contrast bacteria and viruses.
How does the body respond to hypoglycaemia?
Infectious agent
Bacteria
Virus
Definition
large group of unicellular micro-
organisms which have cell walls
but lack organelles
infective agent consisting of a
nucleic acid molecule in a protein
coating
size
larger
smaller
Living or non living
living
non living
treatment
antibiotics
antibiotics ineffective
good or bad
some good and some bad
all bad
duration of infection
shorter
longer
can be vaccinated
yes
yes
nucleus present
no
no
examples
strep throat
TB
whooping cough
UTI
common cold
flu
sore throat
Disease process
Lymphatic oedema
aetiology
Impaired lymphatic drainage caused by an
inflammatory or neoplastic condition. e.g..
obstruction of lymph nodes due to breast
cancer treatment
pathogenesis
women who undergo axillary lymph node
resection or irradiation to treat breast
cancer are unable to drain lymphatic fluid
effectively. The cancer itself can also take
over the lymph nodes, preventing filtration.
Clinical manifestations
Fluid accumulation over the breast tissue
resulting in an orange peel like pitting
oedema. Excess fluid can accumulate in
the arm area, causing lymphedema of the
arm.
Disease process
Renal Failure
aetiology
excessive use of medications such as
aspirin or ibuprofen
pathogenesis
kidney’s are unable to effectively maintain
ideal electrolyte balances and
hypokalaemia occurs
clinical manifestations
muscle weakness, cramping, fatigue,
confusion, irregular heart beat, heart failure
Disease process
Hyperaldosteronism
aetiology
tumour on adrenal gland affects
aldosterone release
pathogenesis
The increased aldosterone levels lead to
increased distal tubular Na+ reabsorption
and increased K+ & H+ losses. The
increased H+ loss is matched by increased
amounts of renal HCO3- leaving in the
renal vein. The net result is metabolic
alkalosis
clinical manifestations
arrhythmias, confusion, dizziness,
hypoventilation, hand tremors, muscle
twitching
Document Summary
Pathology- a branch of medicine concerned with all aspects of laboratory investigation in health and disease. Pathophysiology- the physiology of altered health states, speci cally the functional changes that accompany an injury, syndrome or disease. Signs and symptoms- any abnormality indicative of disease, discoverable on examination of the patient, an objective indication of disease. Disease- any morbid phenomenon or departure from normal in structure, function or sensation, experienced by the patient. Diagnosis- the identi cation of the nature of an illness and/or problem by examination of the symptoms. Cellular adaptation is changes made by a cell in response to adverse environmental change, in order to minimise the disturbance. An example is growth of muscle in response to weight training in order to decrease the strain on the body. Apoptosis is a form of cellular death that leads to the elimination of cells without the release of harmful substances into surrounding tissue.
